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MIDDLE AGES

Explore the turbulent period of the Middle Ages in Europe, from the fall of the Roman Empire to the rise and fall of various Germanic kingdoms. Follow the rise of Charlemagne, the collapse of his empire, and the invasions by Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars. Learn about the Holy Roman Empire and the important role of monks and monasteries in preserving knowledge and education during this time.

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MIDDLE AGES

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  1. MIDDLE AGES 476– Late 1550

  2. Europe in the 6c

  3. The Middle Ages - 476-1550 A.D. After the fall of the Roman Empire, stability in the west was threatened. Wave after wave of invaders or barbarians destroyed Roman towns and cut off trade routes. Many western lands were reclaimed by invaders. Reading and writing almost disappeared from Europe because many of the invading groups could do neither. 3

  4. GERMANIC KINGDOMS • After the fall of Rome Western Europe was divided into many kingdoms • Franks in Gaul; Visigoths in Spain; Vandals North Africa; Ostrogoths Italy; Anglos and Saxons Britian; Lombards in Austria. *King Clovis made the Franks catholic. After death divided to his sons mayors. Charles Martel united all of the mayors =noble rulers The pope backed Charles Martel 711 Muslims from North Africa Conquered Spain 732 Charles Martel defeated the Muslims and kept them from entering France

  5. Charles Martel’s son Pepin came to the aid of the pope when the Lombards invaded Rome. • Rome, Italy became known as the Papal States. • Papal states ruled by pope= Theocracy. • After death of Pepin’s son, Charles became king known as Charlemagne or Charles the Great. • Charlemagne brought back unity and order to many of the lands that had been part of the former Western Roman Empire. • Aided pope to defeat the Lombards when they attacked Italy again. • Regained eastern part of Germany from Saxons. • Converted Saxons to Christianity. • Defeated Muslims for northeastern Spain.

  6. Papal States

  7. Charlemagne: 742 to 814

  8. Goal was to unite Germanic tribes into a single Christian kingdom (Christendom) • 800 A.D. Charlemagne had built a huge empire in western and central Europe. • 800 A.D. pope crowns Charlemagne new Holy Roman Emperor=Holy Roman Empire • Capital Aachen in France • Set up courts • Counts ran courts • Inspectors spied on them • Charlemagne believed in education • Latin, music, arithmetic, and literature were taught • Charlemagne died in 814 A.D. • Charlemagne’s sons divided into three empires • Kingdoms were weaken by invaders= Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars

  9. Charlemagne’s Empire

  10. Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Treaty of Verdun, 843

  11. Vikings • 700-800 A.D. Vikings from Scandinavia = Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, raided much of Europe. • Viking are known for robbing villages taking money, animals, and grain • Access Europe by sea and rivers • Vikings lived fjords= steep sided valleys that are inlets to the seas • Also known as Norsemen = men from the north • Little farmland= relied on the sea for food and trade. • Good sailors • Great boat makers • Boats known as long boats or long ships • Conquered parts of France = Normandy (Western France) • Main weapon= Long Axe

  12. Muslims • 800-900 A.D. Muslims from Spain and North Africa raided France and Italy

  13. Magyars • Magyars from Hungary raided Italy

  14. 1 Invasions of Europe, 700–1000

  15. Holy Roman Empire • Raids by Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings weaken Frankish kingdoms • 900 A.D. Eastern Frankish kingdom= Germany= New Holy Roman Empire • Germany divided into many states ruled by counts, dukes, and other nobles • Nobles try to elect kings to unit German states but the kings were weak. • Otto I strong king of Germany fought Magyars to protect pope • Pope declared him Emperor ruled Germany, Northern Italy, and Holy Roman Empire (962 A.D.) • Otto I allowed Pope to rule Papal States

  16. 800-1806Germany Except Southern Schleswig • 800-1806 Austria Except Burgenland • 800-1806 Liechtenstein Whole Country • 800-1806 San Marino Whole Country • 800-1806 Italy Northern Italy including Lombardy, Piedmont, Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany, Trentino & South Tyrol • 800-1806 Poland Western Poland including Silesia, Pomerania & Neumark • 800-1797 Belgium Whole Country • 800-1797 Luxembourg Whole Country • 800-1792 France Eastern France including Artois, Alsace, Franche-Comté, Savoy & Lorraine • 800-1648 Switzerland Eastern Switzerland • 800-1581 Netherlands Whole Country • 800-1191 Monaco Whole Country • 890-1806 Czech Republic Bohemia, Moravia & Silesia • 952-1806 Slovenia Except Prekmurje • 1527-1806 Croatia Northern Croatia

  17. Holy Roman Empire over the Years

  18. Holy Roman Empire

  19. Monks and Monasteries • Monks spread Roman and Greek learning and Christianity to England and Ireland • Copied books in Monastery • Monastery= home of monks and church clergy • Clergy= Church leaders • Church Clergy were mostly the only people that could read and write • Monasteries kept education alive by preserving classical texts or books

  20. A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium

  21. Pope Gregory VII • Stated Holy Roman emperors had no right to appoint church officials • Holy Roman Emperors did not like the fact that the pope tried to crown kings • Holy Roman emperor Henry IV refused to obey Gregory • Henry stated that Gregory is no longer the pope • Pope excommunicated Henry IV = can’t go to heaven • Henry begs for popes forgiveness • Nobles elect a new king • Henry attacks Rome • Pope and his allies drive Henry out of Rome.

  22. 1122 New pope and German king agree that pope chooses bishops emperor decides whether or not they get government jobs= Concordant of Worms • Concordant = agreement government and pope

  23. Regional States • After Charlemagne, his successor Carolingians had no effective means of defending against Magyars, Muslims, Vikings, and other invaders • In response, European nobles sought to protect their lands and maintain order in their own territories • Political authority in early medieval Europe thus devolved into competing local and regional jurisdictions with a decentralized political order • “Feudalism” Viking long ship

  24. Medieval SocietyEarly Middle Ages (450-1050) • The country was not governed by the king but by individual lords who administered their own estates, dispensed their own justice, minted their own money, levied taxes and tolls, and demanded military service from vassals • Usually the lords could field greater armies than the king • In theory the king was the chief feudal lord, but in reality the individual lords were supreme in their own territory • Many kings were little more than figurehead rulers

  25. Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service between lords and vassals

  26. Feudalism • Weak kings or central government = power to nobles • King gives land to nobles to back him with an army • Vassal was a noble who served a lord of higher rank • Land granted to vassal known as fief. • Vassal who fought were known as knights who wore armor and fought on horseback • Japan’s version of a knight is a samurai • Feudalism = ties of loyalty and duty among nobles

  27. Manorial System • Manor is the lord’s castle and land • Peasants worked the land • Freemen= peasants who paid to work the land • Freedom to move • Serfs belong to the land • Could not leave manor or own property or marry without lord’s approval • Serfs were not slaves they worked for protection

  28. Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle

  29. Parts of a Medieval Castle

  30. The Medieval Manor

  31. Life on the Medieval Manor Serfs at work

  32. From the protection of feudalism led to the regrowth of cities and trade • Nobles repaired roads and bridges • Venice was the trade center for Byzantine goods ( Western Europe) • Flanders in Belgium was the gateway of trade for Northern Europe • Barter system was main economy. • Later the demand for gold and silver coins would grow • Guilds are craftmens union set prices of standard and goods • Master craftsmen had apprentices to learn their craft

  33. Medieval Guilds Guild Hall • Commercial Monopoly: • Controlled membershipapprentice  journeyman  master craftsman • Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece]. • Controlled prices

  34. Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop

  35. Crest of a Cooper’s Guild

  36. English Middle Ages • Anglo Saxons controlled Britain • King Alfred united the Anglo-Saxons and drove off Vikings • His land became known as “Angland” or England • Later Anglo-Saxons kings stronger than hanes.

  37. William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066(Bayeaux Tapestry)

  38. William the Conqueror • William the king of Normandy descendant of Vikings • Had cousin Edward of England • Noblemen named Harold Godwinson claimed England’s throne. • William believes he is the rightful heir to the throne because he is related to Edward • 1066 Attacks England and defeated Godwinson at Hastings • William the Conquer started Feudalism in England

  39. William the Conqueror has first census since Roman times known as Doomsday Book • He counted people, manors, and animals • This acquainted him with England • Brought Europe Customs to England • William’s government officials spoke French • French mixed with Anglo-Saxons spoke own language later known as English • Normans and Anglo-Saxons marries and this combines culture into new English culture

  40. Henry II 1154-1189 • Henry II use law courts to increase his power • Traveling circuit judges • Establishes common law= same law throughout kingdom • Set up grand juries to determine if a person should be accused of a crime • Trial jury to determine if innocent or guilty

  41. King John 1199 • King Henry II son • Raise taxes in England • Punished enemies without trials • Nobles did not like • Nobles met King John at a meadow in 1215 forced John Magna Carta or Great Charter • Magna Carta= took power away from kings and government= limited government power • Great council formed • No new taxes without approval of Great Council • Freemen were allowed trial by peers • Habeas Corpus = can’t be imprisoned indefinitely without a trial

  42. Edward I 1200 • Developed a parliament to help make laws • Important because this is the first step toward representative government • Parliament has two houses • High ranking officials and church officials known as House of Lords • Knights and towns people make up the House of Commons

  43. Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

  44. Crusades • 1054, Catholic Church splits= Greece and Byzantine Empire form Eastern Orthodox Church • 1071 Muslim Turks defeated the Byzantines and seize control of most of their land in Asia Minor • The Byzantine Emperor short of cash asks the help of the pope to help his Christian empire to get rid of the Muslim invaders • 1095 Pope Urban II went to Eastern France to call on the lords of Europe to launch a crusade against Muslim Turks • Crusade= holy war (Christians vs Muslims} • Free Jerusalem from Muslims

  45. Christian Crusades: East and West

  46. First Crusade

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