Reconstruction (1865-1877)

1. Please take out Class Notes #19 on Reconstruction and your unit guide – we will need to make schedule changes. Turn in Focus 20, Focus 21 (maps only), and Homework 12 to the box if you have not already. We will: *identify major goals of both presidential and congressional Reconstruction and evaluate how they differed *analyze how and why Reconstruction failed to guarantee civil rights *introduce the third quarter exhibit Reconstruction (1865-1877)

2. Industrial America Unit Changes • Quiz #5 (Reconstruction and Western geography) moved to Thursday, February 13. • Storyboard exhibits now due Thursday, February 20. • Unit Test and Binder Check will now be on Wednesday, February 26. • These dates are unlikely to move back any further. Please be prepared!

3. Andrew Johnson (17th president, 1865-69)

4. President Johnson’s Version of Reconstruction After Lincoln’s assassination in April 1865, Vice-President Andrew Johnson (of Tennessee) carried Lincoln’s plan forward but with his own agenda: • exclusion of large property-holders from oath-taking (Johnson blamed secession and the war on them) • creation of state civil governments in unreconstructed Southern states • granting of thousands of pardons, permitting former Confederate leaders to reassume political control • tolerance of Southern state “black codes”

5. Example of a Black Code (Texas, 1866) • Chapter CXXVIII. An Act to define and declare the rights of persons lately known as Slaves, and Free Persons of Color. • SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Texas, That all persons heretofore known as slaves, and free persons of color, shall have the right to make and enforce contracts, to sue and be sued, to inherit, purchase, lease, hold, sell, and convey real, personal and mixed estate; to make wills and testaments, and to have and enjoy the rights of personal security, liberty, and private property, and all remedies and proceedings for the protection and enforcement of the same and there shall be no discrimination against such persons in the administration of the criminal laws of this State. • SEC. 2. …nothing herein shall be so construed as to repeal any law prohibiting the inter-marriage of the white and black races, nor to permit any other than white men to serve on juries, hold office, vote at any election, State, county, or municipal; Provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to allow them to testify, except in such cases and manner as is prescribed in the Constitution of the State.

6. What type of source is this? Who/What do you notice in the image? What is the message of the image? How would this image have challenged the presidential approach to Reconstruction? “Franchise: And not this man?” Harper’s Weekly August 5, 1865

7. Congressional Reconstruction Changes Course • Moderate and Radical Republicans united against Johnson’s perceived tolerance for the old Southern power structure, the “black codes,” and his overtures to Northern Democrats; led by: • Representative Thaddeus Stevens (portrayed by Tommy Lee Jones in Lincoln) Senator Charles Sumner (of “Bleeding Sumner” fame) and …

8. Radical Reconstruction Helps Freedmen: Republicans supported creation of the Freedmen’s Bureau to help former slaves adapt to life in freedom – provided education, housing, job training, and other programs TheCivil Rights Act of 1866passed over Johnson’s veto Congress then pushed for ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment (1868) to ensure that civil rights and “due process” would be guaranteed Above: Food rations distributed to the old and sick by the Freedmen’s Bureau. Below: A Richmond, Virginia school supported by the Bureau. Source: Library of Congress.

9. Radicals Impose Their Rule on the South: To ensure enforcement of federal laws, Congress passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867, which: • rejected legitimacy of civil governments in the South • imposed martial law and established five military districts • created more stringent rules for readmission  The Act effectively put the U.S. Army in charge of the South It also set the stage for a fight between Congress and President Johnson, who tried to fire Secretary of War Stanton in violation of the Tenure of Office Act (1867); led to Johnson’s impeachment and near removal from office

11. Reconstruction Leadership in the South: Radical Reconstruction led to the emergence of state governments dominated by freedmen, carpetbaggers, and scalawags; created long-term social tensions and intensified Southern resentment Freedmen: former slaves – able to vote and serve in office during Reconstruction Carpetbaggers: Northerners who moved to the South after the war to profit from Reconstruction Scalawags: white Southerners who joined the Republican Party and supported Reconstruction

12. First Black U.S. Congressmen

13. “The arm of the Federal government is long, but it is far too short to protect the rights of individuals in the interior of distant States. They must have the power to protect themselves, or they will go unprotected, in spite of all the laws the Federal government can put upon the national statute-book.” Frederick Douglass, 1866

14. Focus 22 • Work individually to complete Focus 22 • Note that each image presents a different view of Reconstruction

15. “Uncle Sam’s Thanksgiving Dinner” by Thomas Nast for Harper’s Weekly (November 20, 1869)

16. Worse than Slaveryby Thomas Nast for Harper’s Weekly, October 24, 1874

17. Southern Resistance to Reconstruction Southern Bourbons(the white Democratic leadership) led efforts to overturn Congressional Reconstruction, often through illegal means, such as domestic terrorism. The Ku Klux Klan emerged as the most powerful anti-Reconstruction organization. Its activities aimed at silencing supporters of Reconstruction policies.

18. The Rise of Sharecropping African-Americans did not achieve social-economic opportunities as hoped; sharecropping often resulted in debt peonage (legally tying African-American tenant farmers to the land they worked).

20. Southern “Redemption” During the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877), Northerners became increasingly focused on other issues, such as westward expansion, economic troubles (like the Panic of 1873), and government corruption (“Grantism”) The Election of 1876resulted in an effective tie between the Republican and Democratic candidates (Rutherford Hayes and Samuel Tilden) Republican and Democratic leaders negotiated the Compromise of 1877, which gave Hayes the White House but returned Southern state governments to Democratic control. This deal resulted in the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and the end of Reconstruction

22. The Rise of “Jim Crow” “Jim Crow” laws created institutionalized segregation through local and state laws Measures such as poll taxes and literacy tests effectively disenfranchised blacks despite rights provided in the 14th and 15th Amendments. Grandfather clauses prevented these barriers from applying to white citizens In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court upheld segregation on the basis of a “separate but equal” doctrine, which was not overturned until 1954.

24. Before we leave… • Turn in Focus 20 & 21 to turn in today. • Turn in Homework 12. • Begin researching your storyboard topic in the textbook – work sessions throughout next week. Due February 20! • Quiz #5 is on Thursday, February 13.