Islam

1. By Maria, Marjorie, and Brandi Islam

2. -570 A.D.- Muhammad is Born Muhammad • Born in Mecca, 570 • Father died before born, Mother died when 6 • Raised by Grandfather, and Uncle • Traveled with Uncle’s Caravans • Managed a Caravan Business when older • Married a Widow named Khadijah, at 25 • When 50, went to meditate in a cave and met Angel Gabriel -622 A.D.- Muhammad & Followers Leave Mecca to Medina -610 A.D.– Meditate in Cave, Met Angel Gabriel -613 A.D.– Told People about Angel Gabriel -595 A.D.- Marries Khadijah -624 A.D.- Won the Battle of Badr -619 A.D.- Wife and Uncle Die -632 A.D.- Muhammad Dies

3. Angel Gabriel made him a prophet Told People about Angel Gabriel’s Messages in 613 A.D. Taught that there was only one God, Allah His Teachings upset many Arabs, didn’t want to stop worshipping their gods Seemed like a threat to people who made money from yearly pilgrimages to the Kaaba Many people from Mecca rejected his teachings Mecca started to threaten with violence Left Mecca with his Followers and Daughter, Fatimah, to Medina Died in 632 Uncle became a Caliph in 633 Muhammad (Continued)

4. 1st Pillar(Shahada)- Saying “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is his prophet” 2nd Pillar(Salat)- Praying 5 times a day 3rd Pillar(Zakat)- Giving to the poor and needy 4th Pillar(Sawm)- Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan 5th Pillar(Hajj)- Traveling to Mecca at least once on a hajj Five Pillars of Faith

5. Ramadan is the holy month, where most Muslims will not eat or drink anything between dawn and sunset. • Muslims believe fasting is a way to show that God is more important than one's own body. • Praying five times a day is considered the second most important of Islam’s five pillars, after professing that there is no god worthy of worship but God and that the Prophet Mohammed is God’s messenger. It is a pillar because everyone worship God. • Each prayer includes a series of movements, supplications, and recitations from the Quran, Islam’s holy book, in its original Arabic. • Muslims consider prayer to be a spiritual and physical act, with various standing, bending, and prostrating postures symbolizing devotion to God. Five Pillars of Faith (Continued)

6. Dear Brandi and Marjorie, Hello I am a trader and nomad, that lives in Arabia! As I can tell you in Arabia deserts it is hot! To start my job is to trade things with other people & my job being a nomad is to raise herds of sheep, goats, and camels. Since I have both jobs, I have to travel from place to place. To describe the Arabian desert I can say that is one of the most hottest and driest places in the world, sometimes the temperature around there is 100*F, for that type of weather it makes plants and animals hard to survive. Desert plants do live in areas that get a little bit of rain, also you can see oasis lands, wet fertile land in the desert, As a trader, I carry goods such as spices, silk, and gold along the trade routes called crossroad locations. Which intersect of three continents-Africa, Asia, and Europe. As a nomad, as I said earlier, I live in tents and raise herds of sheep, goats, and camels. The animals provide milk, meat, and skins for us. We travel with the herds across the desert, to get food and water for the animals. For us, camels and tents belonged to individuals, water and grazing land belonged to the tribes, and membership of a tribe was important to us. The tribe offered protection from desert dangers, such as violence that took in competing over grazing land and water. Sincerely, Me ♥ Geography

7. Geography (Continued)

8. Ottoman Empire: * Geography: The Ottoman Turks started on the Anatolian Peninsula in Turkey. The Ottoman empire controlled much of Europe, Africa, and Asia. * Religion: The religion of the Ottoman empire is Turk. * Achievements: Their achievements were science and technology. * Politics (leaders, how they rose to power, military campaigns, etc.) Mehmed ll ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1453 to 1481. He was one of the sultans, which is a Ottoman leader. During his time of emperor he improved the new capital, Istanbul. He repaired damage that was caused by fighting and build palaces, such as mosques and a huge covered bazaar. He encouraged people from all over the empire to move the city. The Muslim Turkish warriors known as Ottomans began to take land from the Christian Byzantine Empire. The Ottomans trained Christian boys to be soldiers. The slave soldiers are called Janissaries, converted to Islam and became fierce fighters. * Economy: By separating women and men apart harems kept women out of public life. But however, wealthy women could still own property or businesses. A harem is however, wealthy women could still own property or businesses. A harem is these women usually had to live apart from men in an area of household. Some women used their money to build schools, mosques, and hospitals. * Social Structure/Society: The sultan issued laws and made all the major decisions in the empire. Most Ottoman laws were based on Shariah or Islamic law, but sultans made their own laws. The Ottoman society was divided into two classes. Which were judges and other people who advised the sultan on legal & military matters were part of the ruling class. Empires- Ottoman

9. * Geography: • The Safavid Empire was gaining power to the east. The conflict came from an old disagreement among Muslims about who should be caliph. The two groups were Shia and Sunni. Shia were • * Religion • Shi'ism, is a religion form of Islam. • * Achievements: • Their achievements are art, architecture, and half of philosophy. Their art was handwoven carpet, textiles, such as silk & velvet, most people admired their skills ceramics and metal goods. • * Politics (leaders, how they rose to power, military campaigns, etc.): • The Safavid empire leader was Esma'il. He took the ancient Persian title shah or king. As shah, Esma'il made Shiism, the beliefs of the Shia, the official religion of the empire. • * Economy: • The Safavid Empire blended Persian and Muslim traditions. They builted beautiful mosques in their capital, Esfahan. People admired the colorful tiles and the large dome. Abbas encouraged the manufacturing of traditional products. • * Social Structure/Society: • Merchants came from far away to trade for these goods. That sometimes it brought wealth to the Safavid empire. It also helped established it as a major Islamic civilization, until mid-1700s. Empires- Safavid Empire

10. Geography: In the east of the Safavid empire, in India, was located the Mughal empire. The Mughal united a large and diverse empire. They left a cultural heritage know for poetry and architecture. Religion: Turkish Muslims Achievements: Muslims and Hindus lived together peacefully and Persians and Indians live and worked in the same communities. Akbr encouraged people to write in Indian languages such as Hindi and Urdu. The Mughal empire is known for its monumental architecture particularly the Taj Mahal. The Taj Mahal is a dazzling tomb between 1631 and 1674. Politics (leaders, how they rose to power, military campaigns, etc.): The founder of the Mughal empire was called Babur. He tried for years to make the empire in Central Asia. In northern India Babur established the Mughal empire in 1526. Akbr made non-Muslims to pay special taxes. Suttee, a hindu, levying illegal taxes, gambling, and drinking. Akbr also prosecuted non-Muslims and made them pay a special-tax. One prosecuted group was the Sikhs. As a result that all of these violence, harsh policies occurred very often in the empire. Soon the empire fell apart. Empires- Mughal Empire

11. Astronomy Many cities in Muslim world had observatories where people could study astronomy that includes the sun, moon, and stars. Arab scholars used the astrolabe to figure out their location on earth. This helped Muslims know what direction to turn so they could face Mecca for their prayers. The astrolabe would later become important to the exploration of the seas. Geography As people learned to use the stars to calculate time and location, merchants and explorers began to travel, like IbnBattutah. He traveled to Africa, India, China, and Spain in the 1320s. To help travelers on their way, Muslim Geographers made better maps than the maps that were available before. During the mid-1100s, a Muslim geographer named al-Idrisi collected information from Arab travelers. He was writing a geography book, but he wanted the book to be accurate. So, when he had a question about where a mountain, river, or coastline was, he sent trained geographers to figure out the exact locations. Achievements

12. Math (include al-Khwarizmi) The Muslim mathematician is al-Khwarizmi, he wrote a math textbook that he called al-jabr or algebra. It is the modern algebra that kids use around the world today. When the book was brought to Europe in the 1500s, they called it Arabic numerals. Medicine (Ibn Sina) Muslims studied Greek and Indian medicines. Muslim doctors created tests for doctors to pass before they could treat people, made encyclopedias of drugs with descriptions of each drug effects, wrote descriptions about diseases, and started the first pharmacy school to teach people how to make medicines. The first Muslim public hospital was built in Baghdad. A doctor named Ibn Sina wrote a medical encyclopedia. The book was translated into Latin and used throughout Europe until the 1600s. It is one of the most famous books in the history of medicine. Achievements (Continued)

13. Philosophy Many Muslims doctors and scientists studied the ancient Greek philosophy. They focused on spiritual issues, many of them lived a simple life of devotion to God. The focus on spiritual issues led to a movement called Sufism, which teaches that people can find God's love by having a personal relationship with god. Sufism had a strong impact on Islam. Literature (include Omar khayyam) Two forms of literature were popular in the Muslim world which are poetry and short stories. Poetry is important to Muslims, because it was influenced by Sufism, some wrote poetry about their loyalty to God. One of the most famous Sufism poets was Omar khayyam, he wrote poems about faith, hope, and other emotions in a book of poems called The Rubaiyat. Achievements (Continued)

14. Architecture • Architecture was one of the most important Muslim art forms. Most people say that the greatest architectural achievements of the Muslims empires are mosques. As a Muslim world grew richer, rulers became great patrons, known as sponsors, of architecture. Many mosques have a dome and a minaret, which are narrow tower from which Muslims are called to prayer. Art • Muslims think Allah can create humans and animals or their own images. Muslims artist didn't include people or animals in their works. Muslims artists turn calligraphy, decorative writing, into art form. The used calligraphy to make sayings from the Qur'an into great works of art that they use to decorate mosques and other buildings. Also, they painted decorative writing on tiles, wove it into carpets, and hammered it into finely decorated steel sword blades. Achievements (Continued)

15. Questions: • Could you change from being Sunni to be a Shia, or from a Shia to a Sunni? • What would happen if both of the groups followed the same leader? • What did the Shia’s do to get there way of a relative taking the place of Muhammad? Sunni and Shia

16. There are more than 1.5 billion followers of Islam worldwide In Tennessee there is a new Mosque that just opened for the first time. Hamburg becomes first German city to officially recognize a Muslim holiday. Paris suburb gets a new grand mosque Islam today

17. The central teaching in Islam is their holy book known as the Qur'an. They only believe in one god (Allah) and that Muhammad was his prophet. • The SunnahShariah, Qur'an, and Jihad are all books of teachings in Islam • The Sunnah is a book of Muhammad's teachings, it's a guide on how to live by his rules • The Shariah is a book on politics, crime, economics, and more. It is the moral code and religious law of Islam. • The Qur'an is a holy book for Muslims. •   The jihad is a religious duty of Muslims. Teachings

18. Islam, Christianity, and Judaism are different monotheistic religions. Monotheistic means the belief in one god. The religions live by different rules and their beliefs aren't all the same. Islam's holy book is the Qur'an but the Christian's holy book is the bible, and the Judaism's holy book is the Torah and the Talmud. Their holy days and special holy days aren't the same either. Christian’s holy days are usually on Sundays. Christian's special holy days are Christmas, Lent, Palm Sunday, Thanks Giving, etc. Judaism special holy days are Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Pass Over, and etc. In Islam their holy days are Ashura, Ramadan, Yom Arafat, and etc. each religion worships in a different place like Islamic people worship in mosques, Christians worship in churches, and Jews worship in a temple/ synagogues which is a religious building. Even types of religions have food restrictions. If you are a Jew your diet is strict and some food has to be cooked in a certain way. You can't eat pork or mix meat with milk in the same meal, plate, and etc. If you are Islamic then you can't eat pork or drink anything with alcohol in it, meat from an animal that died before slaughter, an animal that wasn’t slaughtered and preserved in the Islamic way, and etc. If you are Christian there really isn't a restriction on foods. Christians believe that there are 10 commandments which were people who were a set of rules for the people of god to live by. Jews believe that Jesus is not a messiah which means that they believe that Jesus is not a savior. Jews believe there is Satan but not a devil. They think that the devil and Satan are not the same. Islamic people believe that a man named Muhammad was a prophet meaning that an angel spoke to him. They believe that the object to life is to live in a way that is pleasing Allah (God). Last but not least each religion has important people. For Christians It is Jesus, for Islamic people it is Muhammad, and for Jews it is Moses which was a prophet that lead the people of Israel to the promise land. Comparisons of Monotheistic Religion

19. Quran states, both men and women are equal • States that, "Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because Allah has made one of them to excel the other, and because they spend from their means. Therefore, the righteous women are devoutly obedient and guard in the husband's absence what Allah orders them to guard." • Refers to relationship between a husband and wife, not as society in whole. • Sharia provides differences between woman and man rights and obligations • Neither Quran or Hadith mention women have to be housewives • In Majority Muslim countries, women exercise varying degrees of rights with regards to marriage, divorce, civil rights, dress code, education, and legal status. Role of Women

20. Main cause is because of a group in Europe decided to colonize land, and many immigrated to Palestine in late 1800s • Indigenous population became increasingly alarmed. • In 1947, United Nations decided to intervene • UN recommended giving away 55% of Palestine to a Jewish state • Israel is the only Jewish state, they are surrounded • by Arabs • Iran is threatening to blow Israel off the map • ~Reasons Why~ • Palestinians are Arabs who had lived in the area of Israel for 2000 years forced to move • The ones that did not move were forced to live in camps to make room for Jews • Jerusalem is a holy land to 3 major faiths, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim • Jews and Muslims each want to control Jerusalem • In 1947, it was when the UN decided to split Extra Credit (Israel and Palestine Conflict)

21. Arabs were forced to share with Palestinians, but then they got less than what they were promised. • People are usually fight with stones, etc, for what they believe in • Palestinians became refugees in other countries throughout the middle east • A lot of places got overpopulated with Palestinians • Terrorism is a constant threat in Israel • Israel puts up a wall around Palestinian areas to prevent terrorist from moving into Israeli areas • In 1947, is when the creation of Israel began • UN decided to partition Palestine between Jews and Palestinians • Jewish State- Israel • Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria declare war on Israel Extra Credit (Israel and Palestine Conflict) (Continued)

22. documentarist.com • flickr.com • islamgreatreligion.wordpress.com • ottomans-safavids-mughals.wikispaces.com • paradoxplace.com • http://my.hrw.com/tabnav/controller.jsp?isbn=0030421594 • http://my.hrw.com/tabnav/controller.jsp?isbn=0030421594 • astronomy2009-algeria.org • history--projectwork.blogspot.com • african-articles.africanseer.com • http://my.hrw.com/tabnav/controller.jsp?isbn=0030421594 • http://my.hrw.com/tabnav/controller.jsp?isbn=0030421594 • learn-persian.com • en.wikipedia.org • news2.marietta.edu • http://my.hrw.com/tabnav/controller.jsp?isbn=0030421594 • http://en.islamtoday.net/around-the-world • iiituk.com • Patheos.com • Clivebarker.com Bibliography