BRAZIL The Unknown Giant

1. BRAZIL The Unknown Giant Luiz Amaral

2. Geography Territory: 8,514,215.3 km² (3,287 357 mi²) Coastline: 7,367 km (4,578 mi) Population: 185,752,945 (03.04.2006) Cities: 5,560 States: 26 + Distrito Federal Regions: 5 (North, North-East, Center-West, South- East, South)

3. Geography • Main cities with population in 2005: • São Paulo – SP (10,927,985) • Rio de Janeiro – RJ (6,094,183) • Salvador – BA (2,673,560) • Belo Horizonte – MG (2,375,329) • Fortaleza – CE (2,374,944) • Brasília – DF (2,333,108) • Curitiba – PR (1,757,904) • Manaus – AM (1,644,690) • Recife – PE (1,501,008) • Porto Alegre – RG (1,428,696)

4. North • 45.27% of the Brazilian territory. • 7 592 118 inhabitants. • It has the lowest demographic density of all the regions. • Enjoying an equatorial climate, it is washed by the great rivers of the Amazon and Tocantins basins. • The economy is based on vegetable extraction (e.g. latex, palm tree, timber and chestnut), on mineral extraction (e.g. gold, diamonds, cassiterite and tin) as well as large-scale mineral exploration (e.g. iron and manganese).

5. North-East • 18.26% of the Brazilian territory. • 45 924 812 inhabitants (28.9%). • The majority of its territory consists of vast and ancient plateau that has been smoothed by erosion (semi-arid climate). • The economy of the region is based chiefly on the agro-industry (sugar and cocoa). • Big tourist industry. • Oil exploration in Bahia state. • São Francisco is the region's largest river and the only source of all-year round water for those who live on its banks.

6. Center-West • 18.86% of the Brazilian territory. • 11 048 874 inhabitants (81.3% live in cities). • The climate of the region is semi-humid tropical, with frequent summer rain. • The economy was initially based on gold and diamond prospecting which was gradually replaced by cattle-breeding. • This region has been undergoing significant changes in relation to its vegetation with the cerrado (scrubland) being gradually replaced by plantations or cattle-rearing. • Visitors from all over the world come to see the rich fauna and flora of Pantanal.

7. South • 6.75% of the Brazilian territory. • 24 223 412 inhabitants (74.1% live in cities). • It has a sub-tropical climate, except in the northern region of the state of Paraná where a tropical climate predominates. • The region was colonized by German, Italian, and Azorean immigrants. • Initially based on cattle-rearing, the economy of the South has developed a significant industrial base over recent decades. • Agricultural production makes use of modern cultivation techniques (wheat, soy, rice, maize, beans and tobacco).

8. South-East • 10.85% of the Brazilian territory. • The region has the largest population:69 174 339 inhabitants (88% live in cities). • Its typical landscape consists of rounded mountain formations. • Its economy is the most developed and industrialized in the country. • Biggest oil basin in Brazil (state of Rio de Janeiro). • Car manufacturers (Volkswagen, Ford, Fiat, Mercedes, Chevrolet, Citroen, Toyota, Honda). • It is the most visited region in Brazil. • Main international airports (Guarulhos – SP, Galeão – RJ).

9. São Paulo • Over 34 000 000 inhabitants. • Responsible for 35% of Brazilian GDP. • Its GDP is bigger than the GDP of any other country in Latin America except Mexico. • Its GDP is twice the Argentinean GDP. • It has the best research institutions in Latin America (USP and UNICAMP). • The state houses many of the largest Brazilian and international companies and foreign banks with head-offices in the country. • It is also the headquarters of the eighth largest stock market in the world and the second largest future market. http://www.latinbusinesschronicle.com/statistics/gdp/ranking.htm

10. History • Brazilian History is divided into three periods: • Colony (1500 – 1822) • Empire (1822 – 1889) • Republic (1889 – present) • Brazilian Capitals • Salvador (1549 – 1773) • Rio de Janeiro (1773 – 1960) • Brasília (1960 – present) • Political Organization • Hereditary captaincies (colony) • States (previous provinces) with more local power • States as part of a federative republic

11. Brazilian Territory

12. Democracy and dictatorship in modern Brazilian History • 1889 – 1930: Constitutional Democracy. • 1930 – 1945: Military coup places Getúlio Vargas in power. • 1930 – 1937: Vargas interim presidency. • 1937 – 1945: Estado Novo (New State). • 1945 – 1964:Democratic period. • 1964 – 1985: Military Dictatorship. • 1985 – present: Modern Democracy.

13. Juscelino Kubitschek (JK)(1956 – 1961) • Fifty years in five. • Building of Brasília. • Era of great hope. • Influx of international investments. • The economy boomed, but at some cost. • Inflation and devaluation of the currency.

14. Jânio Quadros(Jan 31 – Aug 25, 1961) • Elected with no congressional support. • Polemic figure (prohibited bikinis in Copacabana). • Right-wing president who established relations with Cuba and Russia. • Resigned in an attempt to gain political power. • His resignation created a political crisis.

15. João Goulart (Jango)(1961 - 1964) • Left-wing vice president. • 1961 – 1963: Parliamentary system. • 1963 – 1964: Presidential system. • Nationalist reforms to face social problems. • Nationalization of companies. • Increase of organized social groups. • Nationalism vs Imperialism.

16. Brazilian Military Presidents Castelo Branco (1964 – 1967) Costa e Silva (1967 – 1969) João Baptista Figueiredo (1979 - 1985) Emílio Médici (1969 – 1974) Ernesto Geisel (1974 - 1979)

17. 1964 – 1967: Economic Recuperation Programa de Ação Econômica do Governo (PAEG) Reduced budget, deficit, salaries, inflation. GDP grew again. 1969 – 1973: The Brazilian Miracle GDP grew 11% a year. Growth was based on more debts and external dependency. Salaries were very low, and social benefits were lost. 1973 – 1979: Economic Problems Increase of internal and external debts. 1978 : Strikes in São Paulo. 1980’s: “The lost decade” Inflation soared, the debt destroyed the Brazilian economy. IMF imposed a painful austerity program on Brazil. The Economy

18. 1974: Gen. Geisel becomes president and promises democracy. 1979: Gen. Figueiredo becomes president and promises to finish Geisel’s work. 1979: General amnesty (including those who tortured civilians). New political parties are allowed to exist. 1982: General elections for governors and state representatives. 1984 – Diretas Já! – Direct (vote) now! A civil movement for direct presidential elections. Redemocratization

19. Tancredo Neves(1985) • Minister of Justice during Getúlio Varga’s government (1935). • Prime Minister of Jango (1961). • Jan 15, 1985: elected president by the congress. • Died in Mar 15, 1985. • Tancredo was the hope for a new country.

20. José Sarney(1985 - 1990) • Ex-member of the ARENA, vice-president of Tancredo. • His government faced several economic problems: huge foreign debt, and inflation. • Plano Cruzado (economic plan) did not work. • 1986: Elections for congress. • 1988: New constitution.

21. Fernando Collor de Melo(1991-1992) • First president democratically elected since 1961. • He was a good looking candidate that promised to end corruption and to modernize the country. • Involved in many scandals, he was impeached in 1992. • Several rallies occurred throughout the country against him.

22. Itamar Franco(1992 - 1994) • Vice-president of Collor; formally took office in Dec 1992. • Inflation reached 6000% in 1993. • Franco managed to unite several political parties and create a successful economic plan (Plano Real) in 1994 that reduced inflation to a single digit. • His minister of Economy was elected president in 1994.

23. Fernando Henrique Cardoso(1995 - 2002) • FHC consolidated the political and economic stability. • He privatized several companies (including CSN, and EMBRATEL). • After some years of economic growth, Brazil’s economy suffered the consequences of world economic crisis. • FHC was reelected in 1998.

24. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva(2003 - present) • He had a very poor childhood. At age 12 he worked as a shoeshine boy and street vendor. • In 1978, he was elected president of the Steel Workers' Union of São Bernardo. • In 1980, he and a group of academics, union leaders and intellectuals founded the Labor Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores - PT). • During the 1990’s PT shifted from a left-wing party to more center-left position. • LULA was elected president in 2002. • Instead of deep social changes (as proposed in the past) his government chose a reformist line, passing new retirement, tributary, labor, and judicial laws, and discussing a university reform.

25. Social Issues in Brazil • The Brazilian economy had a belated flourishing, even for Latin American standards. • During the 19th century Brazil was poorer than Peru and growth was slow. • During the 20th century the South and South-East regions developed much faster. This created the migration problem. • In the 20th century an educational system had to be built. • The quality of public education is still questionable in some areas. • Before 1950 there were no good public hospitals, and very few public health campaigns.

26. Racial Issues in Brazil • Brazil has a multi-racial society. • Mulatos • Caboclos • Cafuzos • Brazil was the last country in the Americas to end slavery (1888). • Social integration of African-Brazilians and other minorities (caboclos, cafuzos, etc) has been a slow process. • The first affirmative action policies were introduced in the last ten years. • Racial minorities still have less access to good school, and good health system. • Different developing rates among different geographic regions increased the problem.

27. Improvements in Social Issues • Infant mortality rates dropped from 41.1% in 1992 to 27.5% in 2003 (15.18% in Argentina; 5.7% in USA, but 14% among African Americans). • 97.3% of children (7 to 14) in school in 2003. • 99.5% of homes have access to electricity, 89.6% receive public clean water. • 17.5% have a computer at home, 13.2% have internet access (although Brazil represents 32% of internet access in Latin America). • “Fome Zero” (Zero Hunger) – A social program that distributes money to selected regions and cities whose inhabitants suffer severe difficulties. • “Bolsa Família” (Family Aid) – the program consists primarily of financial aid to families with incomes of less than US$40.00 per month. It demands that the families send their children to school and keep their vaccines up to date. • Aids program - Brazil's guarantee of access to free antiretroviral (ARV) drugs since 1996. The government promotes public campaigns to educate the population.

28. CURIOSITIES: Orange Pipeline (Sucoduto) • 30% of the orange produced in the world (USA – 18%). • Brazil exports to Europe, USA, China, Japan, Russia, India (among others).

29. CURIOSITIES: How do we vote? • 100% electronic voting. • We vote using electronic voting machines. • Each candidate has one number. • We enter the candidate’s number and see his/her picture and name on the screen. • Official results in less than 24 hours. • Elections in Brazil are considered the most well organized in the continent. www.tse.gov.br/eleicoes/urna_eletronica/simulacao_votacao/UrnaApplet2.htm

30. CURIOSITIES: EMBRAER • Embraer has become one of the largest aircraft manufacturers in the world by focusing on specific market segments with high growth potential in commercial, defense, and executive aviation. • Embraer was Brazil’s largest exporter from 1999 to 2001 and the second largest in 2002, 2003 and 2004. It currently employs more than 16,500 people, 85.5% based in Brazil.

31. CURIOSITIES: BOSSA NOVA (The new beat) • Bossa nova is a style of Brazilian music invented in the late 1950s by a group of middle-class students and musicians living in the Copacabana and Ipanema beachside districts of Rio de Janeiro. • The music derives from samba but is more complex harmonically and less percussive. • Perhaps the best known bossa nova song is Antonio Carlos Jobim's “The Girl from Ipanema”. • Bossa Nova was popularized in the US by Stan Getz, João Gilberto, Tom Jobim, Frank Sinatra, and Vinicius de Moraes.

32. Web resources • http://www.mre.gov.br/cdbrasil/itamaraty/web/ingles/index.htm • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Brazil • http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/br.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva • http://www.ibge.gov.br/(not everything is available in English) • http://ww2.aegis.com/news/ct/2003/CT030601.html • http://www.embraer.com.br/english/content/home/ • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossa_nova