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Difficult problem, difficult diagnosis Stridor at birth-worse with feeding, crying

Vocal Cord Paralysis. Difficult problem, difficult diagnosis Stridor at birth-worse with feeding, crying May have history of difficult or forceps delivery, but not always Post cardiac surgery Assessment includes CXR, CNS

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Difficult problem, difficult diagnosis Stridor at birth-worse with feeding, crying

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  1. Vocal Cord Paralysis • Difficult problem, difficult diagnosis • Stridor at birth-worse with feeding, crying • May have history of difficult or forceps delivery, but not always • Post cardiac surgery • Assessment includes CXR, CNS • Often need repetitive flexible bedside laryngoscopy to assess vocal cord motion • Often needs operative endoscopy

  2. Vocal Cord Paralysis • Unilateral: Voice Issues, Aspiration Issues • Observation • Vocal Cord Injection • Multiple approaches • Thyroplasty • Bilateral: Airway issues, Aspiration issues • Expectant (can take years to resolve) • Close monitoring of O2 sat, apnea, weight gain • Tracheotomy • Posterior laryngeal expansion • Botox (for spastic paralysis) • Cordotomy • Arytenoidectomy • Re-innervation procedures

  3. Congenital Airway Abnormalities: Anterior Glottic Web • Glottic webs • Tend to be thick and extend to subglottis • Laryngeal atresia variant • 22 q deletion association • Rare familial pattern • Surgical Options • Endoscopic vs. Open • Keel placement

  4. Congenital Airway Abnormalities: Laryngeal Cleft • Laryngeal Clefts • High index of suspicion needed • Stridor & aspiration problems • Assess with microlaryngoscopy • 2 handed distraction technique • Palpation of interarytenoid region

  5. Congenital Airway Abnormalities: Laryngeal Cleft • Laryngeal cleft: types 1-4 • 1-observation • 2-endoscopic repair • 3-Laryngofissure with buttress and multilayer closure • 4-Thoracotomy

  6. Congenital Airway Abnormalities: Vascular Rings and Slings • Innominate artery compression • “Pulsatile” tracheomalacia • “Dying spells” • ? vascular ring – esophagram, MRI, CT • Bronchoscopy – fishmouth appearance • Repair - Aortopexy

  7. Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis • History • Hoarseness • May have history “asthma” or recurrent croup • Correct diagnosis generally made 1 years after onset of symptoms • Usually identified around age 3 • Has been found in neonates • Must ask about maternal vaginal condylomata • If preadolescent, think about sexual abuse • Office NPL

  8. Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis:Particular Challenges • Frequent recurrence • Spread of disease • 6-13% to distal airways • 2-7% to lungs • Devastating impact • Surgical extirpation rarely curative • No predictive therapeutic intervention available • Malignant transformation in 1-4%

  9. Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis: General Treatment Principles • Communicate with anesthesia • Interval debulking for airway and voice • LASER, Forceps, Microdebrider, • Conservative approach (“First do no harm”) • Counsel parents • Protect anterior commissure • Avoid tracheostomy • Aims: • reduce tumor burden • decrease spread of disease • create a safe and patent airway • preserve voice quality • increase interval between surgical procedures

  10. View at initial endoscopy (s/p 4 procedures elsewhere) View at 1st cidofovir injection (s/p 11 monthly procedures) Severe RRP- Cidofovir

  11. Cidofovir Impact

  12. RRP and Cidofovir • Often see dramatic initial response • Disease that persists/recurs after cessation of cidofovir often is less extensive and easier to control with some individuals progressing to lasting remission • Can achieve prolonged remission in many, but not a universal “cure all” • Patient selection- Major benefit is control of “severe disease” (those patients requiring repetitive surgery or with airway risk) • The current histological and blood chemistry information is reassuring • No liver or kidney toxicity noted • Malignant transformation may occur-especially in adults; use with caution and reason

  13. Foreign Bodies-Airway • History is key • There may not be witnessed event • If witnessed, have parents bring similar object • Signs: • Transient/ Unilateral wheeze • Barky cough, Hoarseness, Intermittent dyspnea • Clinical Stages • Acute choking/ gagging episode • Asymptomatic interval- FB becomes lodged/ reflexes become fatigued • Complications- Erosion/ Obstruction/ Infection

  14. Foreign Bodies-Airway

  15. Foreign Bodies-Esophageal • Esophageal • Can cause respiratory distress • Carefully review Xray • Repeat Xray immediately before OR • Warn parents – foreign body may pass with anesthesia • Look for more than one foreign body • Esophageal edema can be considerable

  16. Foreign Bodies-Esophageal

  17. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease • Airway issues • High index of suspicion • “Silent” GERD vs. Classic symptoms Pediatric Airway Manifestations of Gastroesophageal Reflux Deborah M. Burton, M.D. Seth M. Pransky, M.D. Richard Katz, M.D. Donald B. Kearns, M.D. Allan B. Seid, M.D. Annals Otol Rhinol Laryngol Sept 1992

  18. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease • Classic symptoms • Emesis • Dysphagia • Burping • Choking • Gagging • Rumination • Irritability • “colic” • Arching • Torticollis • Sleep disturbance Magit/Pransky: AAO Stridor 2007

  19. Multiple ENT Minfestations of Extra-esophageal Reflux • Laryngospasm / Apnea • Severe Laryngomalacia • Recurrent Croup • Subglottic stenosis exacerbation • Recurrent Bronchitis • Asthma exacerbation • Rhinitis of infancy • Recurrent Otitis • Chronic Sinusitis • Stertor / Stridor • Hoarseness • Chronic cough (especially nocturnal) • Halitosis

  20. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease • Non-operative Assessment: • Often not very conclusive or accurate • Radiologic • pH probe: double lumen • Newer pharyngeal probes • Empiric treatment if clinical picture suggestive of GERD

  21. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease • Operative Assessment • DL&B • Mucosal changes • Biopsy • Tracheal aspirate for LLM • EGD with biopsy

  22. Eosinophilic Esophagitis • Symptoms similar to GERD • No response to GERD Rx • EGD with biopsy distal esophagus • Eosinophilic infiltrate • Allergy evaluation-esp foods • Dietary manipulation • Inhaled steroids (swallowed)

  23. Gastroesophageal RefluxExtra-Esophageal Reflux • Connect refractory or unexplained airway symptoms to acid reflux • Prophylactic treatment before and after airway surgery

  24. Tracheostomy • Not a bad word! • Avoid a trach, create a crisis!

  25. Pediatric Stridor: Conclusions • Assess urgency of intervention • Thorough evaluation of the situation: age, history, clinical presentation • Anticipate risks and benefit of examination • Relationship with anesthesia critical-spontaneous ventilation • Pediatric endoscopic equipment • Consider all possibilities, co-morbidities and synchronous lesions

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