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Genetics and Genetic Engineering. terms. agar- porous gelatin like material used as a support matrix for living cells in artificial environments. centrifuge. device for separating substances on the basis of density. clones.
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terms • agar- porous gelatin like material used as a support matrix for living cells in artificial environments
centrifuge • device for separating substances on the basis of density
clones • organisms or cells of nearly identical genetic makeup derived from a single source
complementary • containing structures that match or bond with related structures
electrophoresis • technique used to separate migrating molecules in an electrical field
Excise • to remove a part by a process similar to cutting
Expression • the appearance of a trait directed by a gene
Genetic code • a series of three nucleotide bases that determine the amino acid order and the proteins formed in cell reproduction
Genetic Engineering • technology involved in removing, modifying, or adding genes to a DNA molecule
Genetics • science dealing with passage of traits from one generation to another
Host • a cell or organism that harbors another organism or DNA from a foreign source
Hybrid • offspring or cell originating from parents with differing genetic makeup
Ligase • enzyme used to join two pieces of DNA
Molecular weight • sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule
Mutation • a heritable change in genetic makeup
Nucleotides • building blocks of nucleic acid composed of a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogenous base
Plasmid • a small, usually circular, piece of DNA that is separate from the chromosomal DNA
Polymerase • an enzyme that joins nucleotides to make nucleic acid
Recombinant DNA • DNA that has been altered by genetic engineering
Restriction enzyme • restriction endonuclease • enzyme that cuts DNA strands at specific sites
sequence • order of nucleotides or amino acids
template • a pattern used for developing a complementary structure
trait • a characteristic resulting from gene expression
transform • to change the genetic makeup of an organism by alteration of the DNA
vector • an agent such as a plasmid used to transfer DNA into a host cell
Living material • Organism - unit of living matter capable of independent function and reproduction
Complex Organism • higher organism • an organism with cells, tissues, and organs arranged to function as a single unit • ex. Plants, animals, humans
Organ • arrangement of tissues which provides life support function for an organism • leaf is an organ that carries out respiration, transpiration and ps.
Tissue • arrangement of cells with similar structures in clusters or sheets for specific function in an organ
Cell • smallest structural unit of living matter that is capable of carrying out basic life processes
Basic Cell structures • cell wall - protective layer in plants that keeps the cell intact
cell membrane • delicate structure that surrounds the cell
chloroplasts • site of photosynthesis in plant cells • contain some DNA
Cytoplasm • cell fluid containing all cell structures
Nucleus • control center of a cell • contains most of the DNA
Chromosomes • structures that are physical carriers of genes • made p of DNA • are located in cell nucleus
Mitochondria • energy producing structures in the cell cytoplasm • contain some DNA
Plasmid • extra chromosomal piece of DNA • located in the cell cytoplasm
Ribosome • site where new proteins are produced • result of genetic expression
Cell reproduction • mitosis - occurs in body (somatic) cells • increases by simple division • chromosomes remain paired during cell division
meiosis • occurs in reproductive cells (gametes)
meiosis • increases by division into single chromosomes and recombination of male and female cells to form a new individual
meiosis • one chromosome from each parent forms the new pair • each organism has a specific number of paired chromosomes
Genetic engineering • technology involved in removing, modifying, or adding genes to a DNA molecule
Genetic engineering • movement of a gene from one organism to another
Other names • recombinant DNA technology • recombinant DNA science • gene transfer • gene splicing gene cloning
Naturally occurring • alternations in the genetic makeup of plants and animals allow them to respond to changes in their environment
Naturally occurring • some bacteria and viruses change the function of cells by inserting their DNA into the DNA of the cell
Naturally occurring • natural selection ensures that the adapted individual leaves offspring for the next generation