The Enlightenment

1. The Enlightenment Ch. 22 Sections 2-3

2. The Connection Between the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment : • The Scientific Revolution showed that nature and the universe could be explained through reason, using mathematical precision. • So people began to believe that they could explain the workings of society and the relationships of people in terms of scientific study.

3. Central Concepts of the Enlightenment A. The methods of natural science should be used to understand all aspects of life - through the use of REASON B. Discover the natural laws of human society as well as the natural world (“social science”) C. The idea of progress - The confidence in human power, human reason to improve society D. Rejection of superstition and tradition E. Tolerance and equality F. Deism - God does not intervene in the world through miracles; he created the world, and then removed himself from it Nicolas de Condorcet: a French philosopher, mathematician, and early political scientist.Unlikemany of his contemporaries, he advocated a liberal economy, free and equal public education, constitutionalism, and equal rights for women and people of all races.

4. Voltaire - 1650 – 1722 Thomas Hobbes - 1588- 1679 Enlightenment Thinkers Rousseau - 1712 – 1778 Montesquieu1689–1755 John Locke - 1632–1704

5. Two Views on Government • New Ways of Thinking • Scientific Revolution spurs reassessment of many prevailing ideas • Europeans seek insights into society during 1600s,1700s • Leads to the Enlightenment—a movement stressing reason and thought • Hobbes’s Social Contract (in “Leviathan”) • Hobbes distrusts humans, favors strong government to keep order • He argued that a society without order (the “State of Nature”) would lead to: • “A war of all against all” and • Lives that are “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short” • Promotessocial contract—getting order by giving power to monarch • Locke’s Natural Rights (in “Two Treatises on Government”) • Philosopher John Locke says government gets power from the people • Argues that in the “State of Nature”, all people have the right to defend their “life, health, liberty, or possessions”. • Stresses that people have a right to overthrow an unjust government • Unlike Hobbes, Locke argues that people should use a civil system to work out differences (without the need for a monarch).

6. The Philosophes Advocate Reason • Beliefs of the Philosophes • Thephilosophes are French social critics in the mid-1700s • Value reason, nature, happiness, progress, liberty • Voltaire Combats Intolerance • Voltaire—influential philosophe, pen name of François Marie Arouet • Publishes many works arguing for tolerance, reason • Makes powerful enemies and is imprisoned twice for his views • Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers • Montesquieu—French writer who admires Britain’s government system • Favors separation of powers to keep one body from running government • Rousseau: Champion of Freedom • Rousseau—philosophe who favors individual freedom, direct democracy • Views social contract as agreement by free people to form government • Beccaria Promotes Criminal Justice • Italian philosopher CesareBeccariaworks to reform justice system • Calls for speedy trials, greater rights for criminal defendants

7. Enlightenment with a US connection.. Social contract— Federalism Government for people – Am. Revolution Natural rights- life, liberty, property — Declaration of Independence Tolerance, reason, freedom of religion and speech – Bill of Rights Separation of Powers --Constitution Religious Freedom -- Bill of Rights

8. Women and the Enlightenment If all Men are born free, how is it that all Women are born Slaves? — Mary Astell, Some Reflections on Marriage • Views on Women’s Education Change • Many Enlightenment thinkers take traditional views of women’s role • Prominent writerMary Wollstonecraft urges greater rights for women: • argues women need quality education to be virtuous and useful • urges women to go into traditionally male professions like politics • Some wealthy women use their status to spread Enlightenment ideas

9. Legacy of the Enlightenment • Role of the Philosophes • The philosophes are not activists, but inspire major revolutions • Belief in Progress • Scientific breakthroughs show human capacity to improve society • A More Secular Outlook • New knowledge of the world leads people to question religious ideas • Voltaire and others criticize beliefs and practices of Christianity • Importance of the Individual • People place more emphasis on individual rights, abilities • Reason becomes a central concept for philosophers, rulers

10. A Parisian Salon

11. Section 3: A World of Ideas • Intellectual Life in Paris • Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during 1700s • City is home tosalons—gatherings where thinkers discuss ideas • Diderot’s Encyclopedia • Philosophe Denis Diderot begins publishing Encyclopedia in 1751 • set of books to which Enlightenment thinkers contribute essays • Encyclopedia articles anger French government, Catholic Church • Encyclopedia helps spread Enlightenment ideas across Europe

12. The Encyclopedia “No man has received from nature the right to command others.... The government, although hereditary in a family…, is not private property, but public property that consequently can never be taken from the people, to whom it belongs exclusively…. It is not the state that belongs to the prince, it is the prince who belongs to the state.” “It is of the greatest importance to conserve this practice [the free press] in all states founded on liberty.” “The buying of Negroes, to reduce them to slavery, is one business that violates religion, morality, natural laws, and all the rights of human nature.”

13. Sample Pages of the Encyclopedia Shoes Button-making

14. Sample Pages of the Encyclopedia

15. Sample Pages of the Encyclopedia

16. Subscriptions to Diderot’s Encyclopedia

17. New Artistic Styles • Neoclassical Style Emerges • Pre-Enlightenment art style isbaroque— grand, ornate design • Enlightenment style is neoclassical, based on Greek/Roman themes • Changes in Music and Literature • Classical music emerges; lighter, more elegant than earlier style • led by composers such as Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven • Novel emerges; works of fiction with detailed plots and characters • Samuel Richardson’s Pamela considered first true English novel

18. Enlightenment and Monarchy • Enlightened Despots • Spirit of the Enlightenment prompts rise of enlightened despots:monarchs who embrace Enlightenment values to strengthen their rule • Frederick the Great • Frederick II, king of Prussia, reforms education and justice system • Grants religious freedom, abolishes torture, fails to end serfdom • Joseph II • Joseph II of Austria allows freedoms of worship and the press • Abolishes serfdom, but the practice is reinstated after his death • Catherine the Great • Catherine the Great—enlightened ruler of Russia, 1762–1796 • Seeks to abolish capital punishment and torture, but effort fails • Responds to peasant revolt by giving nobles more power over serfs • Catherine Expands Russia • In foreign affairs, Catherine successfully expands Russian empire • Gains port access for Russia by seizing northern coast of Black Sea • Seizes large parts of Poland, increasing empire’s size