Unit 5 Your Health

1. Unit 5 Your Health

2. New words and expressions for Reading One: marathon: a race in which people run a distance of 26 miles, which is about 42 km Garcia ran the marathon in just under three hours. creaky: something such as a door, floor, or bed that is creaky creaks when you open it, walk on it, sit on it etc, especially because it is old and not in good condition

3. cross: Something that is a cross between two things is neither one thing nor the other, but a mixture of both. It was a lovely dog. It was a cross between a collie and a golden retriever. shadow boxing: fighting with an imaginary opponent, especially as training for boxing

4. deliberate: If a movement or action is deliberate, it is done slowly and carefully. agility: being able to move quickly and easily With surprising agility, Karl darted across the road. sparrow: a small brown bird, very common in many parts of the world

5. repulse: If an army or other group repulses a group of people, they drive it back using force. The armed forces were prepared to repulse any attacks. kick in: If something kicks in, it begins to take effect. As discounts kicked in, bookings for immediate travel rose by 15%...

6. gateway: If something is a gateway to a job, career, or other activity, it gives you the opportunity to make progress or get further success in that activity. The prestigious title offered a gateway to success in the highly competitive world of modelling. chronic: A chronic illness or disability lasts for a very long time. Compare acute. ...chronic back pain.

7. aerobic: Aerobic activity exercises and strengthens your heart and lungs. Aerobic exercise gets the heart pumping and helps you to burn up the fat. capacity: Your capacity for something is your ability to do it, or the amount of it that you are able to do. Our capacity for giving care, love and attention is limited... Her mental capacity and temperament are as remarkable as his. ...people’s creative capacities.

8. Check Your Comprehension B Answer the following questions with the information from the text. • Do you have to be fit to start doing Tai Chi? Explain. It is not yet determined whether Tai Chi can help those who are already frail. But older adults can practice Tai Chi to get benefits. Younger people can also benefit from Tai Chi’s capacity to reduce stress.

9. 2. Who can benefit most from Tai Chi? Tai Chi offers the greatest benefit to older men and women who are healthy but relatively inactive. 3. What are the benefits of practicing Tai Chi? Tai Chi not only improves people’s physical health, but also has the capacity to reduce stress.

10. 4. Is Tai Chi effective in preventing diseases? Explain. According to an expert in chronic-disease prevention at Stanford University, Tai Chi cannot be the final solution to all the health problems, but Tai Chi plus walking would be a good mixture. 5. In the light of this article, what are the distinctive features of Tai Chi as a health-enhancing exercise? Tai Chi combines intense mental focus with graceful and slow movements, offering the greatest benefit to older people. It is a mixture of relaxation and safety.

11. Check Your Vocabulary 1. While many people in China and Chinatowns in other parts of the world have already known a lot about Tai Chi, the western researchers are just coming up from behind to reach the level of knowledge about Tai Chi from different perspectives.

12. 2. You can learn Tai Chi by following an instruction book or attending a Tai Chi class. Either way the aim is to practice it in accordance with your physical health. 3. Tai Chi is a mixture of relaxation and safety. If pain is experienced, it means you are overdoing it and getting nothing.

13. 4. You may need to practice Tai Chi for several months before you can feel the effects it may bring. But when you start enjoying the effects, you’ll find yourself on your way to a new lifestyle. 5. For older people, Tai Chi will not be the solution to all health problems. 6. Though young people might prefer athletic activities that are more physically demanding, they can also benefit from practicing Tai Chi as it helps to reduce stress.

14. New words and expressions for Reading Two: scoop up: If you scoop something up, you put your hands or arms under it and lift it in a quick movement. Use both hands to scoop up the leaves... He began to scoop his things up frantically.

15. calf: Your calf is the thick part at the back of your leg, between your ankle and your knee. vigorously: with a lot of energy or force He shook his head vigorously... massage:If you massage someone or a part of their body, you squeeze and rub their body, in order to make them relax or reduce their pain. She continued massaging her right foot, which was bruised and aching.

16. cramp: Cramp is a sudden strong pain caused by a muscle suddenly contracting. You sometimes get cramp in a muscle after you have been making a physical effort over a long period of time. Hillsden was complaining of cramp in his calf muscles... She started getting stomach cramps this morning.

17. immune: If you are immune to something that happens or is done, you are not affected by it. Football is not immune to economic recession. tingle: When a part of your body tingles, you have a slight stinging feeling there. The backs of his thighs tingled.

18. excruciating: If you describe something as excruciating, you mean that it is very unpleasant to experience, for example because it is very boring or embarrassing. Meanwhile, the boredom is excruciating... There was a moment of excruciating silence.

19. stenosis: a constriction or narrowing of a duct or passage; a stricture （医学上）狭窄：一个管子或通道的收缩或狭窄；收紧。 circulation: Your circulation is the movement of blood through your body. Anyone with heart, lung or circulation problems should seek medical advice before flying. ...cold spots in the fingers caused by poor circulation.

20. vascular: Vascular is used to describe the channels and veins through which fluids pass in the bodies of animals and plants. (TECHNICAL) ...the oldest known vascular plants. ...vascular diseases of the legs.

21. occlusion: Medicine an obstruction or a closure of a passageway or vessel 【医学】 梗塞：通道或脉管的阻塞或闭合。 femoral: of the thigh bone 大腿骨的, 股骨的 femoral artery 【解】股动脉

22. artery: a tube in your body that carry blood from your heart to the rest of your body. Compare vein. ...patients suffering from blocked arteries. buildup: a gradual increase in something There has been a buildup of troops on both sides of the border... The disease can also cause a buildup of pressure in the inner ear leading to severe earache.

23. plaque: a deposit of fatty material on the inner lining of an arterial wall, characteristic of atherosclerosis 斑（块）：动脉血管壁内脂肪物质的沉积，动脉粥样硬化的特征 aorta: the main artery through which blood leaves your heart before it flows through the rest of your body

24. prone: To be prone to something, usually something bad, means to have a tendency to be affected by it or to do it. For all her experience, she was still prone to nerves... People with fair skin who sunburn easily are very prone to develop skin cancer.

25. atherosclerosis: A form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the deposition of atheromatous plaques containing cholesterol and lipids on the innermost layer of the walls of large- and medium-sized arteries. 动脉粥样硬化：动脉硬化的一个形式，特点是大及中型动脉壁的最内层含胆固醇和脂肪的动脉粥样硬化块沉积。

26. gangrene: the decay that can occur in a part of a person’s body if the blood stops flowing to it, for example as a result of illness or injury Once gangrene has developed, the tissue is dead.

27. set in: If something unpleasant sets in, it begins and seems likely to continue or develop. Then disappointment sets in as they see the magic is no longer there... Winter is setting in and the population is facing food and fuel shortages.

28. clogged: When something clogs a hole or place, it blocks it so that nothing can pass through. There is something wrong with the pump. It must have been clogged up with dirt again. “泵打不动了,一定又是被污物堵塞住了。” The pipes were clogged with rubbish. 管子里塞满了脏物。 = blocked

29. collateral: used to describe people or things that are descended from the same origin but that are not very closely related bypass: If a surgeon bypasses a diseased artery or other part of the body, he or she performs an operation so that blood or other bodily fluids do not flow through it. Small veins are removed from the leg and used to bypass the blocked up stretch of coronary arteries（冠状动脉）.

30. stimulation:encouragement or inspiration These youngsters need some stimulation to make them work. 为了使这些年青人工作, 需要鼓励一番。 increment: An increment in something or in the value of something is an amount by which it increases. (FORMAL) The average yearly increment in labour productivity in industry was 4.5 per cent...

31. incline: An incline is land that slopes at an angle. (FORMAL) He came to a halt at the edge of a steep incline. = slope virtually: You can use virtually to indicate that something is so nearly true that for most purposes it can be regarded as true. Virtually all cooking was done over coal-fired ranges... It would have been virtually impossible to research all the information. = almost

32. red meat: meat such as beef or lamb, which is dark brown in colour after it has been cooked ≠ white meat (meat such as chicken and pork, which is pale in colour after it has been cooked)

33. cut back on: reduce Several major hospitals are cutting back on staff at the moment. cut way back on: reduce greatly sodium: Sodium is a silvery-white chemical element which combines with other chemicals. Salt is a sodium compound. The fish or seafood is heavily salted with pure sodium chloride.

34. shed: To shed something means to get rid of it. (FORMAL) The firm is to shed 700 jobs... triumphant: Someone who is triumphant has gained a victory or succeeded in something and feels very happy about it. The captain’s voice was triumphant... This trip was not like his first triumphant return home in 1990.

35. give somebody a (good) run for their money: to make your opponent in a competition use all their skill and effort to defeat you They’ve given some of the top teams a run for their money this season. invasive: An invasive medical procedure involves operating on a patient or examining the inside of their body.

36. Check Your Vocabulary B 1. I thought I could not be affected by the gradual weakening of the body that other people seemed to be afflicted with when getting old. 2. Your body is still in very good condition considering the fact that you are elderly. I hope doctors like me will be out of work because old people like you are healthy.

37. Check Your Vocabulary B 3. Now as I began to walk the distance painstakingly, walking only two street blocks took me an hour. 4. Once again I can compete with younger players.

38. New words and expressions for Reading Three: bid: A bid for something or a bid to do something is an attempt to obtain it or do it. (JOURNALISM) ...Sydney’s successful bid for the 2000 Olympic Games... The Government has already closed down two newspapers in a bid to silence its critics. = attempt

39. denounce: If you denounce a person or an action, you criticize them severely and publicly because you feel strongly that they are wrong or evil. German leaders denounced the attacks and pleaded for tolerance... Some 25,000 demonstrators denounced him as a traitor.

40. shedder: a person who sheds tears devastating: You can use devastating to emphasize that something is very shocking, upsetting, or terrible. The diagnosis was devastating. She had cancer. counterproductive: Something that is counterproductive achieves the opposite result from the one that you want to achieve. In practice, however, such an attitude is counter-productive...

41. vocal: involving the use of the human voice, especially in singing whimper: If someone whimpers, they make quiet unhappy or frightened sounds, as if they are about to start crying. She lay at the bottom of the stairs, whimpering in pain... He made another pathetic whimpering sound.

42. alleviate: If you alleviate pain, suffering, or an unpleasant condition, you make it less intense or severe. (FORMAL) Nowadays, a great deal can be done to alleviate back pain. = ease ≠ aggravate

43. composition: When you talk about the composition of something, you are referring to the way in which its various parts are put together and arranged. Television has transformed the size and social composition of the audience at great sporting occasions... Forests vary greatly in composition from one part of the country to another. = make-up

44. leucine: n.（名词） An essential amino acid, C4H 9CH(NH 2)COOH, derived from the hydrolysis of protein by pancreatic enzymes during digestion and necessary for optimal growth in infants and children and for the maintenance of nitrogen balance in adults. 亮氨酸：一种重要的氨基酸，C4H 9CH(NH 2)COOH，由胰酶在消化过程中从蛋白质的水解作用中分离出来，对婴幼儿良好的生长发育及成人保持氮平衡十分必要。

45. enkephalin: n.（名词） Either of two closely related pentapeptides having opiate qualities and occurring in the brain, spinal cord, and other parts of the body. 脑啡肽：两种紧密相关的五肽中任何一种，具有麻醉镇静作用，在大脑、脊髓带及身体其它部分发生作用。

46. prolactin: n.（名词） A pituitary hormone that stimulates and maintains the secretion of milk. 催乳激素：垂体荷尔蒙，它刺激和保证乳液的分泌。 endorphin: n.（名词） Any of a group of peptide hormones that bind to opiate receptors and are found mainly in the brain. Endorphins reduce the sensation of pain and affect emotions. 多肽，内啡肽：指将麻醉传感器联结在一起的任一肽激素群，主要存在大脑中，内啡肽可缓解痛感并影响情绪。

47. ill: [plural] problems and difficulties He wants to cure all the ills of the world. contact lens: n. Contact lenses are small plastic lenses that you put on the surface of your eyes to help you see better, instead of wearing glasses. lacrimal/lachrymal: of, relating to, or constituting the glands that produce tears 泪腺的

48. gland: A gland is an organ in the body which produces chemical substances for the body to use or get rid of. windshield: The windshield of a car or other vehicle is the glass window at the front through which the driver looks. (AM; in BRIT, use windscreen) cleanse: To cleanse a place, person, or organization of something dirty, unpleasant, or evil means to make them free from it. Straight after your last cigarette your body will begin to cleanse itself of tobacco toxins... Confession cleanses the soul.

49. debris: Debris is pieces from something that has been destroyed or pieces of rubbish or unwanted material that are spread around. A number of people were killed by flying debris. antibacterial: destroying or inhibiting the growth of bacteria 抗菌的 enzyme: An enzyme is a chemical substance that is found in living creatures which produces changes in other substances without being changed itself. (TECHNICAL)

50. lachrymal canal: 泪管 sac: A sac is a small part of an animal’s body, shaped like a little bag. It contains air, liquid, or some other substance. The lungs consist of millions of tiny air sacs. duct: A duct is a tube in your body which carries a liquid such as tears or bile. lachrymal duct: 泪导管 gutter: The gutter is the edge of a road next to the pavement, where rain water collects and flows away. It is supposed to be washed down the gutter and into the city’s vast sewerage system.