Research Accomplishments a board Human Space Complexes

1. Research Accomplishments aboard Human Space Complexes • History • Current Status • Prospects Soloviev Vladimir Alexeyevich– First Deputy of General Designer at S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia, the Roscosmos’s STAC Chair Scientific Conference at Institute of Space Research of the RAS,April 2015

2. S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia isa leading organization of Russia on human space programs M.K.Yangel’ D.I.Kozlov G.N.Babakin M.F.Reshetnyov S.P. Korolev attached special importance to the human space exploration program, invariablyfocusing on its complexity andhigh responsibilityof spacecraft developers

3. Role of Scientific Research … One of the most important tasks is implementationof a human flight in space having research goals. We can use instruments and equipment aboard robotic stations with a highest level of perfection, but,nevertheless, nothing can’t substitutea mind of aninquisitiveresearcher… S.P. Korolev

4. Chronologyof human spaceflight (USSR, Russia) 1 stage Accumulation of knowledge about space environment, development of human space flight engineering 2 stage Conduct of research in various scientific areas, creation of space vehicle utilization directions and further improvement of human space flight engineering 3 stageExecution of scientific research, transition topractical utilization of the near-Earth space Beginning of apermanent habitation phase of the International Space Station flight 02.11.2000

5. Manned stations in the near-Earth orbit 0,5 year Salyut-1 Skylab (USA) 6 years Salyut-3 («Almaz») 0,6 year 2 years Salyut-4 Salyut-5 («Almaz») 1,3 years Salyut-6 5 years Salyut-7 9 years Mir 15 years ISS 16 years Tiangon-1 (China) 3 years Effectiveness of scientific research on space stations directly depends on composition of on-board research facilities and duration of their operation

6. Comparison of human space stationsfrom the standpoint of research equipment availability The ISS is a indisputable leader as for the research instruments and facilities accommodation

7. The International Space Station at present The station mass is more than 375 tons Planned operation until 2024 The assembly start on 20.11.1998

8. Unique capabilities of the ISS allow to scientists of over the world to use it: • For investigation of prolonged weightlessness impact to a human organism with the aim ofthe obtained knowledge application to both the future space exploration andthe Earth’s medicine and human health promotion • As a unique laboratory in space, where study of fundamental physical, chemical and biological processes in conditions of vacuum and absence of gravity is possible • As a test-bench for in-flight testing and fine-tuning of new instruments and methodsfor observation of Earth and space • For getting samples of products in orbit, as well as forutilization of knowledge accumulated at space researchin unique environmentwith the aim of the Earth’s technologies improvement

9. Crew member’s role in space programs implementation • Basic advantages of human spaceflight over robotic spacecraft utilization: • Human acts much more effective than automatic machineryin off-nominal situations and in hardly predictable conditions of spaceflight • Owing to crewmembers’ activity the assembly, repair, and maintenance ofa unique scientific and service equipment are ensured in flight • Human in space plays the role of a researcher and a test pilot, who provides flexibility of research methods application, execution of research in an interactive mode • Possibility of experimental methods and procedures improvement and specification, as well asinvolvement of additional resources and meansinto the research process directly during spaceflight is provided

10. Crew member’s role in space programs implementation Some examples of crewmembers’ function uniqueness aboard human space complexes Mir ISS Aboard Mir orbiting complex 5 research facilities of Priroda hardware complex were repaired, aboard the ISS RS – the Laser communication system, instruments for crew Earth observation, etc.; during the Space Shuttle program – repair and maintenance of Hubble Space Telescope in the course of 4 human space missions

11. Current status of research on the ISS(areas and space agencies) March 2015– September 2015 ISS-43/44 Space biology and biotechnology Earth and space research Space education Human in space Physical and chemical processes and materials in space conditions Technology development and demonstrations Each space agency-partner establishes its own priorities of scientific research aboard the ISS In2015 after start of the year-long flight a number of investigations in the «Human in space»area is increased 11

12. Corr.-Member of RASV.A. Solovyov is the STAC Chairperson Section1.Space biology and physiology Section2.Space materials science Section3. Study of Earth from Space AcademicianGrigoriev А.I. Corr.-mem. RASKoval’chuk М.V. Dr. Sc. LupyanЕ.А. Section6. Cosmic rays physics Section4. Solar system Section5. Extra-atmospheric astronomy Dr. Sc. Panasyuk М.I. Corr.-mem. RASPetrukovichА.А. Corr.-mem. RASShustovB.М. Section7. Technology development Section8. Prospective technologiesof space exploration Section9. Space power systems and propulsion systems Academician Koroteev А.S. AcademicianMikrinЕ.А. Cand. Sc. Danilyuk А.Yu. Section10. Space education Commission of experts on utilization of space activity results Working Group on Commercial projects and experiments (with participation of Skolkovo foundation) Corr.-mem.RASAlifanovО.М. Cand. Sc. BezborodovV.G. The STAC of Roscosmos defines priorities in Russian research program on the ISS

13. Areas of research in RussianLong-term scientific and applied research program on the ISS RS Space biology and biotechnology 32 SE Technology development and demonstrations 47 SE Human in space 24 SE Space education 14 SE Earth and space research 42 SE 73 SE 23 SE Completed experiments Physical and chemical processes and materials in space conditions 255space experiments in total, among them 182 SEare on the stage of preparation or implementation onboard, 73 SEwere completed(as of March 2015) 13

14. International cooperation on the ISS RS within 2000-2015 Completed experiments Besides Russian experiments a lot of investigations within the framework of international cooperation are implemented aboard the ISS RS 14

15. Technology development (the most priority area of research on the ISS RS taking in view a number of experiments)

16. Academician S.P. Korolev heritage S.P. Korolev …The development of a heavy orbital station is a necessary stage for long-duration flights in space that allow training humans in space and testing hardware in easily accessible low earth orbit. It is an important methodological and indispensable step in space exploration… 16

17. Technology development directions New technologies for development of spacecraft, onboard systems, and equipment • Fine-tuning of onboard systems and equipment • Study of new materials resistance • Testing of new control methods • Development of robot systems Ensuring of reliability, reduction of risk at spaceflight and at scientific research execution • Study of a dynamic behavior andlevels of structural loading • The station’s external atmosphere control • The station’s internal atmosphere control • Study of micrometeorite andtechnogenicenvironment in orbit • Study of physical conditions aboard the station 17

18. Countermeasures at off-nominal situations In-flight testing, during technology development experiments, of new methods and instruments forthe station’s reliability and safety increasing 18

19. Flight from «Mir» station to «Salyut-7» station 1986 It is necessary to make more active and continue development and fine-tuning of technologies forthe spacecraft maintenance

20. Extravehicular activity On 18 March 2015 – 50th Anniversary of the first spacewalk А.А. Leonov Aboard the ISS 150EVAs ofcosmonauts and astronauts were implemented in order to its onboard systems maintenance and execution of scientific and applied research program 20

21. Space stations deorbiting USSR«Salyut-1,-4,-6» 1971 … 1982 controlled deorbitingmore than25 т USA«Skylab»1979Uncontrolled deorbiting (Australia)more than80 т USSR«Salyut-7» with «Cosmos-1686» 1991Controlled deorbiting (Chile) more than40 т

22. Controlled deorbiting of “Mir” space station • Orbit altitude: • working - 320...420 km • before deorbiting - 220 km • beginning of destruction - 110 km • Area of fragments falling down - 200Х3000 km (rated – up to 6000 km) For the first time in the world practice of spaceflight on 23 March2001 a very complicated engineering operation for evacuation from the orbit of a space object with mass more than 130 тto the specified water area in Pacific ocean has been implemented

23. IN-FLIGHT TESTING AND FINE-TUNING OF TECHNOLOGIES AND ELEMENTSFOR THE FUTURE SPACE MISSIONS ABOARD THE ISS Scientific-Power Module Manned spacecraft of a new generation МЛМ Transformable(inflatable) Module Node Module Solar-powered tug equipped with an electrojet propulsion facility 100 kW Free-flying Module ОКА-Т-ISS Modules of a planetary base Solar-powered tugs of a megawatt class Orbital base(after completion of the ISS program) Serviceable space platforms and space vehicles The ISS is used as a test bench for fine-tuning of new standard technical solutions for the benefit of new generation of Russian human space complexes development

24. Technology development for space exploration 59 space experiments in total (12 were completed) • Methodology of the orbiting complex inertia tensor assessment with use of telemetry information was developed and implemented. This has allowed to reduce significantly fuel consumption for keeping the ISS attitude. As a result of a deviation vector periodical correction the attitude control accuracywith use of magnetometers was increased up to 1,5-2° (Experiments «Tensor», «Sreda-МКS (Environment-ISS)»,and others) • Dynamic parameters for differentconfigurations of the station’s modules were identified, anddata about a level and nature of dynamic disturbances propagation thatgenerated bystandardsources of external actions in different modes were obtained (Experiments «Identification», «Izgib (Bend)»,and others) • The software to control a robot-manipulator via Internet with use of automated ground-based workstations was developed and tested (Experiment «Contour») • Fine-tuning of methodology and instruments to detect signs of air outflow from the ISS modules is carried out(Experiments «Otklik (Response)», «Proboy (Puncture)») • In-flight testing and fine-tuning of basic technological and design solutionsassociated with Intersatellite Laser Communication System development were executed; study of a possibility to establish a laser communication line «the ISS RS – terrestrial communication station» and of its utilizationfeatures at different atmosphere conditions was carried out(Experiment «SLS») 24

25. Physical and chemical processes and materials in space conditions 24 experiments in total (1 was completed) • Methods of a high-temperature synthesis to develop new high-poroushigh-meltingheat-insulatingmaterialsfor space technology (as an example, for construction of the future planetary outposts) were developed(Experiment «SVS») • In microgravity conditions crystals of 19 proteins (in complexes) were obtained. X-ray diffraction analysis results were gotten for17 proteins and their complexes. X-rat diffraction analysis was performed for protein crystalsobtained in microgravity conditions, and also on Earth during a synchronous crystallization experiment. Three-dimensional structures of some proteins were obtained and studied (Experiment «Kristallizator (Crystallizer)») • A cycle of investigations of plasma crystals and liquids properties (structure, waves, vortexes, phase transitions) was executed. New fundamental knowledge on dust plasma physics were obtained with potential possibility of their application in the area of nanotechnology (purification, precipitation, separation), production of new materials and coatings, thermonuclear synthesis (dust particles removing from the reaction zone), development of new generation of lasers (actuating medium consisting ofradioactive particles aerosol) and others (Experiment «Plasma crystal») 25

26. Earth and space research 57 experiments in total (15 were completed) • Data onglobal content of О3, О2, Н2О and their altitudinal distribution in the atmosphere were specified. Information on emissions in upper atmosphere of the Earth in UV band was accumulated (both in wide and narrow bands) with the aim of systematic study of atomic oxygen distribution in altitudesof 70-150 km,and taking into account influence of outer space geophysical factors(Experiments «Rusalka», «Relaxation»,others) • Correlation analysis of spatial and temporal characteristics of particles’ detected bursts and data about seismic events was performed.It showed that ~15% particles’ bursts can have a seismic nature (Experiment «Vsplesk (Burst)»,others) • New knowledge about nature of electrical discharges in the Earth upper atmospherethat important to develop a kinetic theory of runaway electrons breakdownwere obtained. Atmospherics− electrical signalsgenerated by lighntings-produced radio waves was studied (Experiments «Obstanovka (Environment)», «Microsputnik»,others) • Neutron radiation distribution maps in the ISS orbit were constructed with a spatial resolution 5х 5 deg in latitude and longitude (Experiment «BTN-Neutron») • Different methods of the Earth remote sensing were tested and fine-tuned (Experiments «Uragan (Hurricane)», «SVCh-Radiometry», «Napor-miniRSA,others) 26

27. Human in space 46 experiments in total (22 were completed) • New knowledge about functioning ofhuman cardio-respiratorysystemin space was obtained to detect prenosologicalandpremorbidstates(Experiments «Cardio-ОDNT», «Pulse», «Dykhaniye (Breathing)», «Cardiovector», others) • For the first time in weightlessness conditions impedometricinvestigations were executedandpossibility of automatic change of main liquid volumes in a cosmonaut’s organism in real time was confirmed (Experiments«Sprut-МBI», «MORSE»,others) • Investigation of ionizing particles streams distributionand a radiation dose that depend on a depth of particles penetration into a human’s body in spaceflight conditions was executed (Experiment «Matryoshka-R») • Experimental data in order to specify mechanisms ofsensomotor coordinationin weightlessness and to support of a cosmonaut’s musculoskeletal system were accumulated (Experiments «Motocard», «Virtual») • Assessments onreliability of a cosmonaut’s professional activityandanalysis ofa crew interpersonal interaction in conditions of a long-term spaceflight were performed(Experiments «Pilot», «Vzaimodeystviye (Interaction)») • Immuno-microbiologicalinvestigations were carried out,which allowed to estimate for the first timea quantitative composition of a human’s microflora and to determine of a procedure and accessoriesto control microecological andinfectious statusof cosmonauts (Experiments«Immuno», «Khromatomass-spectrumМ»,others) • Metabolic andhematologic investigations were executedto study an influence of a spaceflight conditions and factors on different systems of a human organismdown to cellular level (Experiments«SPLANKH», «Biosignal»,others) 27

28. Space biology and biotechnology 51 experiment in total (19 were completed) • Scientific discovery was made − it was shown that living creatures being on evolutionary separatedcryptobiological andresting stages (bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals) can avoid destructive influence of an outer space even after exposure in these harsh conditions within 2 years and 7 months(Experiment «Biorisk»). In the samples of dustcollected on the ISS RS external surface viable microorganisms of terrestrial (tropospheric) origin were discovered –a new border of the Earth’s biosphere was discovered and established (Experiment «Test») • It was demonstrated thatplants can for a long time(comparable to duration of Martian expedition)be planted in spaceflight conditions without loss of reproductive functions and to formviable seeds (Experiment «Rasteniya (Plants)») • Were separated in space and studied new highly active strains of mycorrhizalfungi-producers of a growth hormone preparation, bacteria-producers of apreparation foroil and its products biodegradation, and also producers of plant protectants(Experiment «Bioecology») • Growing of high quality crystals ofa number of proteinswas implemented to designa new generation of antimicrobialmedical products and components of vaccines, in particular,to support treatment foryersinieouseand AIDS (Experiments «Vaktsina-К», «Structure», «BIF»,others) • Aboard the space station microorganisms of three groups were discovered: filamentous (musty) and yeasty fungi and bacteria, which serve a reason of biodegradation and biodestruction of space vehicles materials; kinetics of their growth at the early stage was also studied (Experiment «Biodegradation»,others) • Bacteriophageswith modified biological andphysical-chemicalcharacteristics produced in spacewill be used formedicaland diagnostic purposes, and also for genetic studies(Experiment «Bacteriofag», others) 28

29. Space education 18 experiments in total (4 were completed) • Scientific-educationaldemonstrationof physical lows operation in space, andgetting structural elements of a predetermined shape made in microgravity conditions with use ofpolymericcompositematerials, in particular, with a shape memory effect, was implemented (Experiments «Physics-Education», «Chemistry-Education», «МАТI-75») • Methods of small satellites production with use ofan «Orlan-М» spacesuit that reached the end of its service life (and other structures and accessories), intended to solve different ISS utilization tasks including educational experiments, were tested in orbit (Experiment «Radioskaf») • Study of disperse media properties, such as dust Coulomb crystalsand Coulomb liquids that generated by charged microparticles in a magnetic trap in microgravity conditions, was carried out (Experiment «Coulomb crystal») • Methods of digital information (photos) downlinkingwith use of a radio amateur system were tested and fine-tuned on the ISS. Proceduresof Earth observation experiments planning and coordination with use ofgenerally accessiblecommunication channels in the interests of educational and commercial projects implementation were developed. (Experiment«МАI-75») 29

30. The ISS utilization The ISS Program Science Forum activities results The 2nd edition of the“Benefits of Humanity” collected articles (aboutthe most significant results of partners’ investigations on the ISS, and practical benefits for the humanity that these investigations can provide) is preparing now In2009-2013 a number of editions has been published, in which an active advocacy ofthe ISS Program is demonstrated, somebackground materials about the station, on-board research facilities, andabout results of investigations are presented Special Partners’ Internet resources dedicated to the ISS utilization were provided

31. Prospects of the ISS RS development and scientific & applied research programs implementation • Completion of manufacturing and integration ofthe MLM «Science» • Development of new modules: NM, SPM, and«ОКА-Т» free-flyer

32. The ISS Russian segment Functional Cargo Block USOS Mini Research Module 2 Flight direction Service Module Mini Research Module 1 Multipurpose Laboratory Module • VOLUME ALLOCATED FOR PAYLOADS - 8m3 • POWER ALLOCATED FOR PAYLOADS - up to2.5kW • MULTIPURPOSE WORKSTATIONS (MW): • OUTSIDE – 13INSIDE– 21

33. Assembly and maintenance of different-purpose space vehicles Experiments aboard «Progress» cargo transportation vehicle, launching of microsatellites ОКА-Т free-lying module maintenance • Implementation of a comprehensive program of basic and allied scientific research in conditions of microgravity and ultradeep vacuum in the areas of space materials science, biology, medicine, and biotechnology • Fine-tuning of base technological processes for semiconductors, epitaxy heterostructures, and different alloys production «Chibis-М» microsatellite 33

34. «Progress» spacecraft utilization history «Model-2» «Znamya-2» «Inspector» Use of «Progress» cargo space vehicles as special-purpose modules for execution of comprehensive experiments 34

35. «Chibis» microsatellite to study previously unknown physical electric discharge phenomena in upper atmosphere • Mass40 kg, including mass of scientific instruments – 12.5 kg • Downlinking system capacity – 1.2 Мb/s The microsatellite has been launched in orbit H=500 kmautomatically with use of «Progress-М» cargo space vehicle

36. MS with dimension up to6U MS with dimension up to 6U Development of the infrastructure for launching of MS with useof «Progress МS» spacecraft is underway

37. “ОКА-Т” free-flying research and manufacturing spacecraft The OKA-T spacecraft is intended for carrying out scientific research in orbit with the use of the ISS free-flyer advantages

38. Deployment of the ISS RS 2nd-stage-modules NM 2018 SPM1 2019 НЭМ2 2017 Technological basis for the future orbital infrastructure 38

39. New goals of cosmonautics «To set a foot on the soil of asteroids, to lift by a hand a stone from the Moon, to arrange moving stations in ethereal space, to form living rings around Earth, the Moon, the Sun; to observe Mars at distance of several dozens kilometers, to land on its satellites or even on its surface…» - К.E. Tsiolkovsky Study of outer space by rocket devices. – «Messenger of aeronautics», 1912, № 9, p.11. The Solar system exploration is the main goal for XXIcentury generations in space 39

40. Thank you for your attention!

41. Additional charts

42. The international cooperation program development logic ISS RS of the second stage(MLM, NM, SPM) • Station of a new generation in the near-Earth orbitconstructed on the basis of the ISS RS (second stage): • Formation of the international program • Russian leadership in the program Technology development and construction of a basis forimplementation, using international cooperation, of a deep space exploration program 42

44. Strategic(universal)goals of cosmonautics Improvement life on the Earth Expansion of the Earth’s life borders Search of extraterrestrial life

45. Materials and bioobjects, produced (grown) in space Research methods and instruments Goal-oriented information New knowledge Types of results obtained at implementation of research programs on the ISS Improvement of Earth-based technologies(growing crystals,films, cultures,strains) Getting products from semiconductors(microchips,nanostructures,cells) Portable,ergonomic equipmentwith a high degree of automation More precise maps, photo-, video-images Methods of telemedicineи spot tests execution Discoveries, papers, patents Forms of the results utilization on Earth(directly or using technology transfer) To increase the return from space exploration a systemof the results transformation into innovations is required

46. The main priority achievements of cosmonauticsin the USSR and Russia aboard space stations «Salyut» and «Mir» • The foundations for classicmulti-modular approach to development of long-term human orbiting complexes of the future were laid • The foundations of long-duration spaceflight to explore Solar system planets were laid • The experience of a large-scale international cooperation was acquired • The crucial contribution to the International Space Station development was ensured; • Unique scientific results were obtained

47. Leading research organizations on space experiments(as of March 2015) Russian Academy of Sciences Space industry 7 organizations 19 organizations 107experiments (33 experiments completed) 64experiments (16 experiments completed) 41,3 % SE 26,0 % SE 19,8 % SE 12,9 % SE Ministry of Education and Science Other agencies 16 organizations 15 organizationsй 51 experiments (18 experiments completed) 32 experiments (6 experiments completed) 57research organizations255 experiments

48. Location of workstations for payloads accommodation in the MLM pressurized compartment A number of the multipurpose workstations internal (MW-V) – 21 (including7 workstations for payloads storage) Port side (planeIV) Starboard (planeII) MW-V23-15 (multizone electric-vacuum furnace) MW-V12-13 («Glovebox-С» equipment) IIIpl. MW-V13-9 (container with a roll-out shelf) MW-V12-22,23,24,25 (volume behind of the interior panels for payloads storage) MW-V34-4 (shelves-modules “wide”) MW-V12-10,11,12 (shelves-modules “narrow”) MW-V43-1 MW-V44-3 (window with a bracket) Ipl. PCC-2 PCC-2 PCC-1 PCC-1 MW-V12-19,20,21 (volume behind of the interior panels for payloads storage) MW-V14-17,18 (elastic fixtures on the interior panels) PCC-3 PCC-3 MW-V34-5 (TBU-V Incubators) MW-V31-8 (automatic rotating vibroprotective platform «Flyuger») PA PA УРМ-В32-6 (TBU-N Incubator)