Phrases

1. Phrases • OBJECTIVES • Identify the five types of phrases • Identify the words phrases modify • (a prerequisite to effective revision)

2. Phrase: a group of related words that is used as a single part of speech and does not contain a verb and its subject Five Types of Phrases Prepositional Phrase Appositive Phrase Participial Phrase Gerund Phrase Infinitive Phrase

3. The Prepositional Phrase Prepositional Phrase Includes a preposition, a noun or pronoun called the object of the preposition, and any modifiers of that subject and functions as an adjective or as an adverb. The adjective phrase modifies a noun or pronoun. Cassie Smith made a batchof fry bread, using a recipe very similar to thatof her ancestors. Sarah Kemble Knight kept a journalof her tripto New York. Sarah Knight’s journeyon horseback from Boston to New York was long and difficult. The adverb phrase modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb. During the Civil War, Louisa Mae Alcott workedin a hospitalas a nurse for six weeks. Louisa Mae Alcott wrote Little Women, a novel richin New England traditions. Too latefor Alcott and other early suffragists, U. S. voting laws were changed.

4. Adjective? Adverb? Now you try! Duncan is sitting in his chair eating a bowl of oatmeal. Duncan is sittingin his chair eating a bowlof oatmeal. Adverb / Adjective I got the twins ready for bed. I got the twins readyfor bed. Adverb In the classic Japanese movie The Seven Samurai, fierce professional warriors save a village from bandits. In the classic Japanese movieThe Seven Samurai, fierce professional warriors save a village from bandits. Adverb / Adverb The small Scandinavian animals in these photographs are called lemmings. The small Scandinavian animalsin these photographs are called lemmings. Adjective Legends say that when lemmings reach the cliffs along the sea, they leap intothe water and drown. Legends say that when lemmings reach the cliffsalong the sea, they leapinto the water and drown. Adjective / Adverb Is this outfit appropriate for a job interview? Is this outfit appropriatefor a job interview? Adverb

5. The Appositive Phrase An appositive is a noun or pronoun placed next to another noun or pronoun to identify or explain it. An appositive phrase consists of the appositive and its modifiers. We visited Boston Harbor, the site of the Boston Tea Party. The Kenai Peninsula is the home of the Alaskan moose, the largest deer In the world. A great speaker, Thomas Paine inspired the colonists to resist the British.

6. The Participle Participle Verb form that is used as an adjective / Modifies noun or pronoun Two kinds of participles: Present Participle: ends in –ing Past Participle: ends in a past form, such as –ed, -en, -t, -k Participial Phrase: consists of a participle and all the words related to the participle Waving, the campers boarded the bus. Confused and frightened, they fled into the jungle. We could hear somethingmoving in the underbrush. Having worked all day, Abe was ready for a rest. Speaking eloquently, Barbara Jordan enthralled the audience. Encouraged by his family, he submitted his book of poems for publication.

7. Now you try! Known as Johnny Appleseed, John Chapman distributed apple seeds and saplings to families headed west. Known as Johnny Appleseed, John Chapman distributed apple seeds and saplings to familiesheaded west. The salmon, deriving the pink color of its flesh from its diet, feeds on shrimp-like crustaceans. The salmon, deriving the pink color of its flesh from its diet, feeds on shrimp-like crustaceans. Having been aided by good weather and clear skies, the sailors rejoiced as they sailed Into port. Having been aided by good weather and clear skies, the sailors rejoiced as they sailed Into port. Trained on an overhead trellis, a white rosebush growing in Tombstone, Arizona, covers some 8,000 square feet of aerial space. Trained on an overhead trellis, a white rosebushgrowing in Tombstone, Arizona, covers some 8,000 square feet of aerial space. I would love to see it bursting into bloom in the spring. I would love to see itbursting into bloom in the spring. Smiling broadly, our champion entered the hall. Smiling broadly, our champion entered the hall.

8. The Gerund Gerund: verb form ending in –ing that is used as a noun SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT INDIRECT OBJECT PREDICATE NOMINATIVE OBJECT OF PREPOSITION Gerund Phrase: consists of a gerund and all the words related to the gerund Exercising regularly is important to your health. Subject My brother likes working at the travel agency. Direct Object Walter Mitty daydreamed of being a courageous pilot. Object of Preposition An excellent way to build vocabulary is reading good literature. Pred. Nom. He gave studying chemisty all his attention. Indirect Object

9. Now you try! I enjoy reading John Grisham novels. I enjoy reading John Grisham novels. Direct Object Mom was upset about our being late. Mom was upset about our being late. Object of Preposition I have given camping in the mountains a fair try, but I still do not like it. I have given camping in the mountains a fair try, but I still do not like it. I. O. Fighting for women’s suffrage was Carrie Chapman Catt’s mission in life. Fighting for women’s suffrage was Carrie Chapman Catt’s mission in life. Subj. Janetta’s hobby is making silver and beaded jewelry. Janetta’s hobby is making silver and beaded jewelry. Predicate Nominative

10. The Infinitive Infinitive: To + plain form of the verb (to run, to sing, to dance, to study) It can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. Infinitive Phrase: Consists of the infinitive and all the words related to the infinitive. Used as a Noun: To finish homework is our plan. Subject Julia wants to go to the beach with us on Sunday. Direct Object Mike plans to give homework more attention. Indirect Object Janetta’s plan is to make ten bracelets before Christmas. Pred. Nom. Used as an Adjective: Napoleon’s planto conquer Europe failed. Used as an Adverb: Because of his sprained ankle, Chico was unable to play in the game.

11. Now you try! Noun? Adverb? Adjective? For me, one of the worst chores is to clean my room. For me, one of the worst chores is to clean my room. Noun / Pred. Nom. To land an American on the moon became the national goal of the United States during the 1960’s. To land an American on the moon became the national goal of the United States during the 1960’s. Noun / Subject Since I have taken up track, it seems I haven’t a moment to spare. Since I have taken up track, it seems I haven’t a momentto spare. Adjective Did you find that book difficult to understand? Did you find that book difficultto understand? Adverb According to our judicial system, the state makes the decision to prosecute the Defendant in criminal cases. According to our judicial system, the state makes the decisionto prosecute the Defendant in criminal cases. Adjective

12. Let's review. . . Participle Verb form that is used as an adjective / Modifies noun or pronoun Two kinds of participles: Present Participle: ends in –ing Past Participle: ends in a past form, such as –ed, -en, -t, -k Participial Phrase: consists of a participle and all the words related to the participle Prepositional Phrase Includes a preposition, a noun or pronoun called the object of the preposition, and any modifiers of that subject and functions as an adjective or as an adverb. An appositive is a noun or pronoun placed next to another noun or pronoun to identify or explain it. An appositive phrase consists of the appositive and its modifiers. Gerund: verb form ending in –ing that is used as a noun SUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT INDIRECT OBJECT PREDICATE NOMINATIVE OBJECT OF PREPOSITION Gerund Phrase: consists of a gerund and all the words related to the gerund Infinitive: To + plain form of the verb (to run, to sing, to dance, to study) It can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. Infinitive Phrase: Consists of the infinitive and all the words related to the infinitive.

13. Prepositional Phrase? Used as Adj. or Adv? Present Participial Phrase? What does it modify? QUIZ Past Participial Phrase? What does it modify? Appositive Phrase? Gerund Phrase? How is it used? Infinitive Phrase? How is it used? Each year, thousands of Americans travel (1) to hundreds of vacation spots in the United States and other countries. (2) Anticipating all kinds of weather and activities, many eager travelers pack far too much clothing and equipment. The most effective way to pack is (3) to set out clothes for the trip and then to put half of them back (4) in the closet. Of course, travelers should give particularly careful thought to walking shoes, (5) the most important item of apparelon any sightseeing trip. Experienced travelers pack only two or three changes of casual clothing, even if they plan (6) to be away for some time. (7) Taking out the smallest piece of luggage they own, they study its capacity. It is possible to pack enough clothes for three weeks in small luggage, (8) perhaps a duffel bag or shoulder bag. Passengers can carry such bags onto an airliner and avoid (9) waiting at the baggage claim area. For most people (10) doing a bit of hand laundry every few days is preferable to spending their vacation burdened with heavy suitcases.

14. Answers 1. travel (1) to hundreds of vacation spots in the United States and other countries. 2.Anticipating all kinds of weather and activities, many eager travelers pack 3. way to pack is (3) to set out clothes for the trip 4. to put half of them back (4) in the closet. 5. walking shoes, (5) the most important item of apparelon any sightseeing trip. 6. if they plan (6) to be away for some time. 7.Taking out the smallest piece of luggage they own, they study its capacity. 8. small luggage, (8) perhaps a duffel bag or shoulder bag. 9. avoid (9) waiting at the baggage claim area. 10. For most people (10) doing a bit of hand laundry every few days is preferable • 1. Preposition / • Adverb • 2. Pres. Part. / • Modifies travelers • 3.Infinitive / • N. / Pred. Nom. • 4. Prep. Ph./ • Adverb • Appositive / • explains shoes • 6. Infinitive / • N. / D. O. • Pres. Part. • Modifies they • Appositive / luggage • Gerund Direct Object • Gerund / • Subject