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EMC and Nuclear Power Facilities: Regulations & Safety Standards

Learn about EMC regulations & safety standards in nuclear power facilities. Understand design control measures, safety functions, & safety analysis reports. Discover surge withstand capability testing & electromagnetic interference guidelines.

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EMC and Nuclear Power Facilities: Regulations & Safety Standards

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  1. Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)and Nuclear Power Facilities presented byWashington Laboratories, Ltd.Steven G. Ferguson

  2. NRC Regulations • Part 50 of Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations (10CFR50): “Domestic Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities” • Structures, systems, and components important to safety in a nuclear power plant be designed to accommodate the effects of environmental conditions (i.e., remain functional under all postulated service conditions) • design control measures such as testing be used to check the adequacy of design.

  3. Safety Functions • IEEE Std 379-2000 IEEE Standard Application of the Single-Failure Criterion to Nuclear Power Generating Station Safety Systems – Description • Replaced IEEE Standard (Std) 279, "Criteria for Protection Systems for Nuclear Power Generating Stations," • Incorporated in 10 CFR §50.55a(h) of the NRC regulations • provides more specific requirements for the design of instrumentation and control (I&C) systems performing safety functions

  4. Safety Analysis Report • Must be sufficient to confirm that the I&C systems important to safety are identified with descriptions of how these systems meet the appropriate acceptance criteria and guidelines applicable to them. • SAR descriptions form the licensing design basis for the plant • http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr0800/

  5. NRC Regulatory Guide 1.180 • Guidelines for Evaluating Electromagnetic and Radio-Frequency Interference in Safety-Related Instrumentation and Control Systems • Revision 1 issued October 2001 • Adopted MIL-STD-461E and IEC 61000 series of test methods • Provides: • Regulatory position on EMC • Position on EMI/RFI limiting practices • Position on EMI/RFI emissions and susceptibility testing • Position on SWC testing

  6. RG1.180 Emission testing • MIL-STD-461E • CE101 Conducted emissions, low-frequency, 30 Hz to 10 kHz • CE102 Conducted emissions, high-frequency, 10 kHz to 2 MHz • RE101 Radiated emissions, magnetic field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz • RE102 Radiated emissions, electric field, 2 MHz to 1 GHz • IEC 61000-6-4 • (None) Conducted emissions, low-frequency, 30 Hz to 10 kHz • CISPR11 Conducted emissions, high-frequency, 150 kHz to 30 MHz • (None) Radiated emissions, magnetic field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz • CISPR11 Radiated emissions, electric field, 30 MHz to 1 GHz • RG1.180 calls for applying one or the other standard – no selective application • Selection of IEC method allowed if special exemption conditions are met for power quality and proximity to equipment sensitive to magnetic fields

  7. RG1.180 Susceptibility testing • MIL-STD-461E • CS101 Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 30 Hz to 150 kHz • CS114 Conducted susceptibility, high frequency, 10 kHz to 30 MHz • CS115 Conducted susceptibility, bulk cable injection, impulse excitation • CS116 Conducted susceptibility, damped sinusoidal transients, 10 kHz to 100 MHz • RS101 Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz • RS103 Radiated susceptibility, electric field, 30 MHz to 1 GHz • IEC 61000-4 • 61000-4-4 Conducted susceptibility, electrically fast transients/bursts • 61000-4-5 Conducted susceptibility, surges • 61000-4-6 Conducted susceptibility, disturbances induced by radio-frequency fields • 61000-4-12 Conducted susceptibility, 100 kHz ring wave • 61000-4-13 Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 16 Hz to 2.4 kHz • 61000-4-16 Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 15 Hz to 150 kHz • 61000-4-8 Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 50 Hz and 60 Hz • 61000-4-9 Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz to 50 kHz • 61000-4-10 Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 100 kHz and 1 MHz • 61000-4-3 Radiated susceptibility, electric field, 26 MHz to 1 GHz • RG1.180 calls for applying one or the other standard – no selective application

  8. RG 1.180 Surge Withstand Capability (SWC) testing • Ring wave • IEEE Std C62.41-1991 • IEC 61000-4-12 • Combination wave • IEEE Std C62.41-1991 • IEC 61000-4-5 • Electrically Fast Transients (EFT) • IEEE Std C62.41-1991 • IEC 61000-4-4 • IEEE Std C62.45-1992 provides test methods for C62.41

  9. EPRI TR-102323 R3 • Guidelines for Electromagnetic Interference Testing of Power Plant Equipment • Revision 3, issued November 2004 • Revision issued to better conform to standard test methods, investigate CS114 test levels and provide technical rationale for variance to RG1.180 • Provides: • Plant emissions data • Practices to ensure EMC • Equipment susceptibility and emissions testing guidance • Margin analysis of recommended testing limits

  10. EPRI R3 Emission testing • Low frequency conducted emissions • CE101 • High frequency conducted emissions • CE102 • IEC 61000-6-4 • FCC 47CFR Part 15 • Low frequency radiated emissions • RE101 • High frequency radiated emissions • RE102 • IEC 61000-6-4 • FCC 47CFR Part 15

  11. EPRI R3 Susceptibility testing • Low frequency conducted • MIL-STD-461E CS101 • IEC 61000-4-13 & IEC 61000-4-16 • High frequency conducted • CS114 • IEC 61000-4-6 • Low frequency radiated • RS101 • IEC 61000-4-8, IEC 61000-4-9 and IEC 61000-4-10 • High frequency radiated • RS103 • IEC 61000-4-3 • Surge • CS116 • IEC 61000-4-5 and IEC 61000-4-12 or IEEE C62.41-1991 • Electrically Fast Transient (EFT) • CS115 • IEC 61000-4-4 or IEEE C62.41 • Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) • IEC 61000-4-2

  12. Low frequency conducted emissions • CE101, 30 Hz – 10 kHz (AC start frequency = 2nd harmonic) • Exempt equipment from test if • Power quality requirements are consistent with existing power supply and design practices include power quality controls • New equipment will not impose additional harmonic distortion exceeding 5% THD or other power quality criteria with a valid technical basis • Measurement in current terms • Limit relaxation allowed for high current AC power • EPRI does not limit relaxation to AC • RG1.180 & EPRI R3 testing the same – limits are different

  13. High frequency conducted emissions • RG1.180 • CE102, 10 kHz to 2 MHz • CISPR 11, 150 kHz to 30 MHz (if CE101 is exempt) • Measurement in voltage terms • EPRI R3 • CE102, 10 kHz to 10 MHz • CISPR 11, 150 kHz to 30 MHz • Measurement in current terms (voltage to current based on 50W)

  14. Low frequency radiated emissions • RE101, 30 Hz – 100 kHz • Applicable to enclosures and interconnecting leads • Exempt equipment from test if • RG1.180 - Equipment is not installed in areas with equipment sensitive to magnetic fields – distance not specified • EPRI R3 – Applicable to new equipment that is a source of large magnetic fields (>300A/m) installed <1m from sensitive equipment • EPRI R3 - Equipment and cable separation of EMI limiting requirements are not satisfied • Measurement in flux density terms • RG1.180 & EPRI R3 testing the same – limits are different • Testing performed with loop antenna moved over equipment face and cables maintaining 7cm separation • If non-compliant a determination of the distance for compliant should be accomplished

  15. High frequency radiated emissions • RG1.180 • RE102, 2 MHz to 1 GHz • CISPR 11, 30 MHz – 1 GHz • EPRI R3 • RE102, 2 MHz to 10 GHz • CISPR 11, 30 MHz to 1 GHz • FCC 47 Part 15, 30 MHz to 1 GHz

  16. High frequency radiated emission limits/testing • QP measurements for CISPR and FCC • EPRI calls for CIPSR/FCC testing to 5X highest frequency up to 10 GHz but no limit defined • Testing is accomplished with an appropriate antenna located at the specified distance – receiver parameters defined in the test standard

  17. Low frequency conducted susceptibility • Purpose is to evaluate performance in the presence of low frequency interference conducted via the power or signal lines • MIL-STD-461E • CS101, Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 30 Hz to 150 kHz • IEC 61000-4 • IEC 61000-4-13, Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 16 Hz to 2.4 kHz • IEC 61000-4-16, Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 15 Hz to 150 kHz

  18. Low frequency conducted susceptibility limits/testing • CS101 • Low frequency sinusoidal signals are used to modulate the power lines to simulate interference • Prior to test a maximum drive level is establish with a fixed load • The interfering signal is coupled to the power input and the amplitude increased to the test voltage without exceeding the maximum drive level • The test frequency range is swept at a defined rate • RG1.180 and EPRI have the same limit although EPRI is specified in current terms • IEC 61000-4-13 • Low frequency sinusoidal signals are used to modulate the power lines to simulate interference • Coupling is typically by use of a programmable power source that is programmed for the specific test frequencies and amplitude • RG1.180 provides a test limit table for harmonic frequencies correlated to Class 2 of the standard omitting the inter-harmonic testing • EPRI calls for Class 2 testing implying that the inter-harmonic testing of the test standard is applicable • The limit chart in EPRI R3 is inadequate to determine the test levels so the test standard is preferred • IEC 61000-4-16 • Low frequency sinusoidal signals are coupled to the power and signal lines (capacitively coupled or direct injection) • IEC 61000-4-13, Conducted susceptibility, low frequency, 16 Hz to 2.4 kHz • Level 3 is called out by both RG1.180 and EPRI R3 – however the test level curves are not the same • EPRI R3 does not specify the short duration high level test.

  19. High frequency conducted susceptibility • Purpose is to evaluate performance in the presence of RF signals inducing currents into the equipment via the cables • MIL-STD-461E • CS114, Conducted susceptibility, high frequency, 10 kHz to 30 MHz • IEC 61000-4 • IEC 61000-4-6, Conducted susceptibility, 150 kHz to 80 MHz, disturbances induced by radio-frequency fields

  20. RG1.180, High frequency conducted susceptibility limits • Two IEC 61000-4-6 limits are provided • 140dBmV (10Vrms) for power and medium exposure signal lines (96.5dBmA) • 130dBmV (3Vrms) for low exposure signal lines (86.5dBmA) • Frequency range is not defined so the 150 kHz to 80 MHz range from the test standard is normally assumed • A pre-calibrated forward power limit (drive level) is applicable if the current is not attained

  21. EPRI R3, High frequency conducted susceptibility limits • CS114 testing between 30 MHz and 200 MHz may be exempted if RS103 is accomplished • EPRI states that use of the Army Ground Applications test level is acceptable but the limit is shown incorrectly – which applies • A pre-calibrated forward power limit (drive level) is applicable if the current is not attained

  22. Electrically Fast Transients/Bursts (EFT) • RG1.180 • CS115, Conducted susceptibility, bulk cable injection, impulse excitation • IEC 61000-4-4, Electrically Fast Transient/Bursts • Applicability to signal lines • Applicable to power lines under the SWC testing – allows use of C62.41-1991 • EPRI R3 • Same tests as RG1.180 but different levels and applicable to power and signal • CS115 is listed but the limit is not stated – 5A is implied under the listing of differences between ERPI R3 and RG1.180

  23. EFT limits/testing • CS115 uses a pre-calibrated test current using a fixed load test fixture then interference is applied that drive level • RG1.180 – 2A • EPRI R3 – 5A • Interference is coupled inductively – current injection • IEC 61000-4-4 uses an open circuit voltage that is applied to the circuit • RG1.180 – 1kV (low exposure), 2kV (medium exposure) for signal lines • RG1,180 – 2kV (low exposure), 4kV (medium exposure) for power lines (SWC) • EPRI R3 – 2kV power lines; 1kV signal lines (2kV for lines that connect to unsuppressed inductive loads) • Interference is coupled capacitively – voltage injection • Common mode and differential mode testing is not discussed although both test standards have provisions for testing

  24. Surge • RG1.180 • CS116, Conducted susceptibility, damped sinusoidal transients, 10 kHz to 100 MHz or • IEC 61000-4-5, Surge immunity test (combination wave) and • IEC 61000-4-12, Oscillatory waves immunity test • Applicability to signal lines • Applicable to power lines under the SWC testing – allows use of C62.41-1991 • EPRI R3 • Same tests as RG1.180 but different levels and applicable to power and signal • RG1.180 defines 4-12 test as ring wave and EPRI R3 provides for a repetition frequency for the oscillating wave • CS116 is listed but the not recommended • Oscillating wave specified rise time; \ Damped Oscillatory vs. Ring Wave • Test duration • CS116 calls for duration and pulse repetition rate • 4-5 combination wave test uses a number of repetitions • 4-12 ring wave test uses a number of repetitions • 4-12 oscillating wave uses a repetition frequency and duration

  25. Surge limits/testing • CS116 uses a pre-calibrated test current using a fixed load test fixture then interference is applied as lesser of test current or drive level • RG1.180 – 5A • EPRI R3 – no limit stated (allows but does not recommend CS116) • Interference is coupled inductively – current injection • IEC 61000-4-5 uses an open circuit voltage that is applied to the circuit (current limiting is applicable) • RG1.180 – 1kV (low exposure), 2kV (medium exposure) for signal lines • RG1,180 – 2kV (low exposure), 4kV (medium exposure), 6kV (external) for power lines (SWC) • EPRI R3 – 2kV secondary power lines; 4kV primary power lines; 2kV signal line shields and remote grounds • Interference is coupled capacitively – voltage injection • IEC 61000-4-12 uses an open circuit voltage that is applied to the circuit (current limiting is applicable) • RG1.180 – 1kV (low exposure), 2kV (medium exposure) for signal lines • RG1,180 – 2kV (low exposure), 4kV (medium exposure) for power lines (SWC) • EPRI R3 – 2kV secondary power lines; 4kV primary power lines; 2kV signal line shields and remote grounds • Interference is coupled capacitively – voltage injection • Common mode and differential mode testing is not discussed although both test standards have provisions for testing

  26. Low frequency radiated susceptibility (magnetic field) • Exempt test if equipment is not near sources of large magnetic fields and limiting practices are used • RG1.180 indicates CRTs, motors, high current cables as large sources • EPRI R3 indicates <1-m from >300A/m sources • Test methods: • RS101, Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz • IEC 61000-4-8, Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 50 Hz and 60 Hz • IEC 61000-4-9, Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz to 50 kHz • IEC 61000-4-10, Radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 100 kHz and 1 MHz • IEC 61000-4-10 has additional limiting applicability to high current switching sources (bus bar switching) in EPRI R3

  27. Low frequency radiated susceptibility limits/testing • RS101 • MIL-STD-461E Army limit (flux density terms) • IEC 61000-4-8 • 50 or 60 Hz sine wave, 30 A/m (152dBpT) continuous (300 A/m (172dBpT) short duration) • IEC 61000-4-9 • RG1.180 and EPRI R3 indicate a frequency range for the test but standard is based on a pulse • Pulse 6.4/16mS, 300A/m (172dBpT) • IEC 61000-4-10 • Damped oscillatory wave 100 kHz (40 Hz repetition) and 1 MHz (400 Hz repetition) • Test level is 30A/m (152dBpT) • Testing is performed with an induction coil adjacent to test article or coil surrounding the test article depending on test

  28. High frequency radiated susceptibility (electric field) • MIL-STD-461E, Radiated susceptibility, electric field, 30 MHz to 1 GHz (10 GHz EPRI) • Modulation with a 1 kHz square wave • IEC 61000-4-3, Radiated susceptibility, electric field, 26 MHz to 1 GHz • Modulation with a 1 kHz sine wave • RG1.180 and EPRI R3 call for the same tests and levels • EPRI adds testing for RS103 in the 10 kHz to 30 MHz frequency range if CS114 is not performed • EPRI supports deletion of 30 MHz to 80 MHz if IEC 61000-4-6 testing is performed • EPRI calls for testing above 1 GHz for evaluation of wireless device interference

  29. High frequency radiated susceptibility limits/testing • RG1.180 and EPRI specify 10V/m test levels • Test frequency range based on test method and other testing as stated previously • Modulation is not consistent between standards • Testing at frequencies between 1 GHz and 10 GHz is becoming the normal • Testing is accomplished with a radiating antenna producing the test field • MIL-STD-461E testing calls for use of field probe to measure test level during test • IEC 61000-4-3 testing supports testing with a uniform field calibrated prior to test • Use of an anechoic shielded enclosure is standard • Antenna placement may be varied to broaden the beamwidth coverage but test article must see exposure

  30. Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) • Not specified in RG1.180 • Optional in EPRI R3 • IEC 61000-4-2 is the test standard • Level 4 testing (8kV contact; 15kV air) • Test points selected based on accessibility

  31. Tailoring testing • Understand the test article use and installation to assess applicable tests • Items not exposed to high magnetic fields are exempt for the associated susceptibility tests • Look as the applicability tables in the standards • Required – indicates test is always applicable • Evaluate – determine applicability based on use and criticality • Optional – used when impact is minimal or control measure negate the need • Why tailor? • Cost and schedule drivers • Testing cost is somewhat elevated by performing unnecessary tests • Recurring cost to add unnecessary control measures may be significant • Installation practices may be a significant cost driver to provide unnecessary control measures • Not advocate of deleting tests – operational down-time from EMI is an on-going cost that specifying control measures can mitigate • Test planning should consider the application instead of blindly calling for doing all potential tests • Wide usage equipment may elect to do all testing for all standards

  32. Acceptance criteria • Acceptance criteria provided earlier is not supported by RG1.180 or EPRI R3 • SWC testing of RG1.180 specifies that performance criteria be established in the test plan • Open door testing is frequently called on for equipment that must operate during maintenance – test planning should consider acceptance with closed doors if reasonable

  33. Threshold measurements • Threshold measurements provide data on the amplitude and frequency of interference that produces susceptibility • This is the lowest level that produces unacceptable results • Frequency ranges of susceptibility need to be identified • Test procedure needs to identify measurements of susceptibility • Threshold measurements • Reduce interference level for test article recovery • Reduce an additional 6dB • Increase amplitude to point of susceptibility • Record that measurement • Why? • Absence of information makes acceptance of a deviation nearly impossible • Solutions need the data to support design

  34. Contact • Contact: Steve Ferguson: stevef@wll.com Washington Laboratories, Ltd. 7560 Lindbergh Drive Gaithersburg, MD 20879 301/216-1500: fax: 301/216-1590 www.wll.com

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