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Expansion and Sectionalism

Expansion and Sectionalism. 1801 - 1850. Andrew Jackson & the Trail of Tears. Native Americans. “The Great Father”. Made war on Creeks Adopted a Creek Indian son Why attack Natives? Feared attacks on whites. Kate Beaton of Hark! A Vagrant. “Civilizing” “Savages”.

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Expansion and Sectionalism

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  1. Expansion and Sectionalism 1801 - 1850

  2. Andrew Jackson & the Trail of Tears Native Americans

  3. “The Great Father” • Made war on Creeks • Adopted a Creek Indian son • Why attack Natives? • Feared attacks on whites Kate Beaton of Hark! A Vagrant

  4. “Civilizing” “Savages” • J’s Dems  W. Expansion • BUT • +125,000 Natives E. of MS (in 1820s) • Land via treaties? • Americans are cheats • Assimilation! • Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians (1787) • 1793 - $20,000 for: vocational, agricultural, literacy school

  5. “Civilizing” “Savages” • Many resist conversion • Black Hawk War 1832 (NW Terr.)

  6. “Civilizing” “Savages” • Cherokee (GA) • Sequoyah (Cherokee alphabet) • 1808 – Written legal code • 1827 – Constitution (Exe., Leg., Jus.) • Planters, Slaveholders • 1,300 slaves • “Five Civilized Tribes” • Cherokees • Creeks • Choctaws • Chickasaws • Seminoles

  7. Indian Removal Act • 1830 • All E. of MS to “Indian Territory” (w. of AR & MS) • Resistance = Force • Many resist • Reasoning: • “Rescue” of “this much injured race” • “Voluntary Emigration” • Results: • +100,000 Native Americans forcibly removed

  8. Removal - Choctaw • First • Treaty of Dancing Rabbit [1831] • 7.5 mil. Acres to MS • Journey begin: Winter 1831-1832 • Gov. provides nothing • ¼ die of disease, cold, starvation

  9. Removal – Creek & Chickasaw • Creeks • Some stay • AL orders removal • 1836 – Gov leads 14,500 Creeks in chains • Chickasaws • Promised better • Moved W. 1837-1838

  10. Removal - Cherokee • 1828 – GA says Tribal Council illegal • Cherokee go to S.C. (upholds Native rights) • Jackson: “John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it.” • Gold is discovered on Cherokee land

  11. Removal - Cherokee • Cherokee resist invasion • Worcester v. Georgia [1831] • Marshall: GA law has no force in Cherokee nation • Response: Trail of Tears • Spring 1838: Troops remove • Some escape to NC mtns • GA takes land • 800 mi march (1838-1839) • ¼ (18,000) die

  12. Removal - Seminole • Armed Resistance • 1832 Treaty • Seminole leave w/n 3 yrs • Seminole of African descent = runaway slave • Seminoles ignore treaty • 2nd Seminole War

  13. Summary: In a country of liberty, how could the removal of Native Americans be justified?

  14. 1841 - 1848 Manifest Destiny

  15. Monroe Doctrine

  16. Monroe Doctrine: Protection, or Agenda?

  17. Monroe Doctrine: Protection, or Agenda?

  18. Enter: The Whigs • Because Jackson • 1834 – Henry Clay, JQA, Daniel Webster •  American System •  Fed. Fund. Roads & Canals •  Fed. Banking •  Nat. Currency • Subsidies (1837 Crisis)

  19. 1840 Election • Martin “Van Ruin” Van Buren (Dem.) vs. William Henry Harrison (Whig)

  20. 1840 Election • Harrison dies 1 mo. In • John Tyler VP  POTUS

  21. Expansion • Oregon • California! • Annex TX? • MEX prov. in revolt • TX & Britain • Ally? • VS. USA?

  22. Texas • 1844 Election • Anti-Expansionists = Annexation • South: “Texas or Disunion!” VS Pro-Expansion DemocratJames K. Polk Perennial “Almost President” WhigHenry Clay

  23. Texas • “Lame Duck” Tyler • Dem. win = TX okay • Whigs – TX  “slave power” • Joint Annexation • MEX angry • “Lone Star Republic” • 1845

  24. Oregon Territory SPN – FL Treaty 1819 RUS – 1824 & 1825 Treaties

  25. Manifest Destiny • US destined by God to spread “empire of liberty” across N.A. • “Reannexation of Texas!” “Reoccupation of Oregon!” ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth." (John L. O’Sullivan – 1845)

  26. Expansion & Politics • Fifty-four forty or fight! • OR border set @ 49th • Anti-Slave.: “TX but not OR?”

  27. Expansion & Politics • Manifest Destiny… CA? • SPN-MEX & Natives • Can’t buy from MEX (TX) • Misunderstandings • Jan. 13 1846 • Gen. Zachary Taylor + 4,000 men to Rio Grande • War? • Apr. 23rd 1846 • “American blood on American soil” • War declared • IL Congressman Abraham Lincoln (Whig)

  28. Mexican-American War • Outcomes: • EXP for Military • Gen. Winfield Scott, Cpt. Robert E. Lee, Lt. Ulysses S. Grant • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • MEX cedes terr. NW of TX to OR (CA) for $18.25 mil & debts • SLAVERY • Not in MEX • New states? • Wilmot Proviso • New MEX terr. = FREE • Failed

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