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Brown Bag Buildings

Brown Bag Buildings. David E. Culler Building Innovations Workshop Feb 24, 2009. What they say about buldings. Source: U.S. Department of Energy 2007 Building Energy Data Book. Sept 2007. The Numbers Tell the Story $370 Billion Total U.S. Annual Energy Costs 200%

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Brown Bag Buildings

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  1. Brown Bag Buildings David E. Culler Building Innovations Workshop Feb 24, 2009

  2. What they say about buldings Source: U.S. Department of Energy 2007 Building Energy Data Book. Sept 2007 The Numbers Tell the Story $370 Billion Total U.S. Annual Energy Costs 200% Increase in U.S. Electricity Consumption Since 1990 40% Total U.S. Energy Consumption for Buildings 72% Total U.S. Electricity Consumption for Buildings 55% Total U.S. Natural Gas Consumption for Buildings

  3. Buildings Matter! Buildings construction/renovation contributed 9.5% to US GDP and employs approximately 8 million people. Buildings’ utility bills totaled $370 Billion in 2005. Buildings use 72 % of the electricity and 55 % of the nation’s natural gas. Source: Buildings Energy Data Book 2007

  4. EPA Nat Action Plan for Energy Efficiency • 30% of energy consumed in buildings is wasted • 66% electrical, 34% gas and other • 15.5 kWh per square foot * 2003 EIA Commercial Building Consumption Survey

  5. National average How ‘bout Berkeley Buildings? Stanley LSA Cory McCone Soda Koshland

  6. Soda…Green? • 511 kw average power consumption • 4.5 M kwh per year • 41.2 kwh/sq ft annually • 3 times national average

  7. State of the Art Building Energy Monitoring

  8. With a little programming … Do nothing well …

  9. Peaks or Baseline?

  10. Where does it all go? • Lighting? • Heating, Ventilation and Cooling (HVAC)? • Plug Loads – desktops, laptops, kitchenettes? • Servers? • Microfab?

  11. MCM2 ~42 circuits each LP2D 225 LP2C 225 HP7A 400 LP2B 225 HP7A 400 LP2D 225 LP2C 225 HP6A 100 LP2B 225 LP2J 225 HP6A 100 LP2I 225 LP2H 225 LP2G 225 LP2E 225 LP2F 225 LP2K 225 LP2C 225 HP5A 400 LP5B 225 LP2J 225 HP5A 400 LP2I 225 LP2H 225 LP2G 225 LP2E 225 LP2F 225 LP2D 225 LP2C 225 LP2K 225 HP4A 400 LP4B 225 LP2J 225 HP4A 400 LP2I 225 LP2H 225 LP2G 225 LP2E 225 LP2F 225 LP2D 225 2500 A 120/208 3 phase LP2C 225 1200 A 277/480 3 phase HP3A 400 LP3B 225 HP3A 400 LP2E 225 LP2D 225 LP2G 225 LP2C 225 LP2F 225 LP2A 800 LP2B 225 HP2A 600 LP1A 400 LP1B 400 HP1A 400 HP1A 400 MCM1 2x Chiller 2x Substation 12 KV dist. Structural: Soda Electrical Lighting Pumps Fans Machine Rooms Offices Classrooms

  12. Structural: Soda HVAC • Blow cold air throughout building • Maintain circulation • Adjust cooling with vents and VFDs • Heat it where needed • AC determined by needs of the worst heat load • Comm closet Cooling Towers Fans 530 420 340 287 288 290 Machine Room ACCs Pumps 2x chillers

  13. SCADA portion • 1300 sense / ctrl points in Soda Hall • Vast database of action / effect • No science to turning all the knobs

  14. Some initial steps • When you don’t (cant) have the sensors you want, get as much as you can with the ones you have. • Take inventory • Build models • Point measurements • Sample in time, space, population

  15. Blueprint Analysis of Lighting Total Provisioning: 193 kVA How much is Active? Idle?

  16. HVAC components • Chillers 2 x 130 kw • Colling Towers: 2 x 33.2 kw • Computer Room units: 12 x 45 kVA • AHU SF: 3.2 kw • AHU RF: 2.3 kw • Economizers: 4 x 2.6 kw + 2.1 + 1.4 • Supply fans: 4 x 2.3 kw + 1.4 • Pumps: 2 x 9.3 kw + 2 x 14 kw • Compressors: 2 x 5 kw - It’s all duty cycle

  17. Estimating the Server Load • Forsake temporal dimension • Inventory the servers • Measure their idle and active power • Estimate total load

  18. Research Server Rooms - 443 Machines Ganglia

  19. Server Power Consumption • Do nothing well

  20. Putting it Together • x 1/PDU efficiency + ACC • If Pidle = 0 we’d save ~125 kw x 24 hours x 365 …

  21. Breaking Soda down HVAC & Plug Loads Lighting HVAC / CRU / PDU support Servers / Clusters

  22. Plug Loads • 1178 Hosts (desktops, laptops, switches) in network database • Power profile, duty cycle? • Kitchens • Projectors • …

  23. Subset (plugs) of a region (RAD lab)

  24. Working up from the leaves …

  25. Sample of the RAD Lab “population”

  26. Rad Lab Power Usage (72 hours)

  27. Guess this load… Duty Cycle Idle Power HP desktop Workstation Active Power

  28. Guess this Load … Dell Dimension desktop Idle Power Half the idle power!

  29. Guess this Load … Thinkpad T61 laptop • Active power actually depends on what it is doing • Actually sleeps! • Midnight madness…

  30. Guess this Load … MacBook Pro laptop

  31. Guess this Load … Sun 24’’ LCD

  32. Guess this Load … 15’’ IBM LCD Not so big and beautiful, But a whole lot greener! Busy person

  33. Guess this Load … Desktop + monitor

  34. Guess this Load … Laptop + monitor Monitor “unplugged” screensaver Windows “turns off” monitor

  35. Guess this Load … HP B&W laser printer

  36. Guess this Load … HP color laser printer

  37. Guess this Load … CRT TV

  38. Guess this Load … Sanyo HD projector

  39. Guess this Load … Polycom Phone

  40. Guess this Load … Refrigerator

  41. Guess this Load … Coffee maker

  42. Guess this Load … Water dispenser

  43. Composite Power Picture inauguration Projector left On Desktop Idle Clean Shutdown Monitor On, Unplugged

  44. The Rad Lab Power Pie

  45. Relationship to the Bigger Picture

  46. UCB today • Consumes 210 M kwh annually [campus sustainability assessment] • Buildings measured @ 130 M kwh annually [demandless] • approx $13 M • Top 15 buildings are 2-4 time national average khw/sq ft and constitute 58% of the 130 M • IT is a big part of the problem • IT can potentially be a big part of the solution • We need to gain most of the reduction by utilizing existing facilities better • “Physical” Information processing to identify where the energy goes, what to change and how. • Big gains come from changing behavior, and this is most effective from the bottom up. • IT is key to providing the energy awareness to guide action

  47. Tweak the facilities knobs Change Behavior Auto-DR Study

  48. Further evidence that behavior matters • 3x difference in consumption for same setting

  49. Staged Energy Awareness • Export existing facilities instrumentation into real-time feed and archival physical information base • Retain isolation of facilities control • Augment with usage-focused sensing • Numerous emerging products, possible flagship • Create highly visible consumer feedback and remediation guidance • Think Pruis, not web page. Localized solutions. • Sponsor whole-building dynamic models • Expect it to generate maintenance work orders

  50. Resources • http://www.demandless.org/building/ • http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/documents/sector-meeting/4bi_officebuilding.pdf • http://sustainability.berkeley.edu/ • http://acme.cs.berkeley.edu/

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