European Revolutions

1. Enduring Understandings 1. The collision of social unrest and new political ideas can lead to revolution. 2. In times of crisis, people will turn to strong leaders to gain a sense of stability. 3. Nationalism can act as both a unifying and divisive force. 4. New ideas and inventions create progress, but this can be accompanied by problems. Agenda Unit 1 test return and review Review p #22 Complete p # 23 Read #24 and answer questions 1-3 Read p#25 and complete #1 Find at least three examples that support the above EUs. Draw a timeline that includes the French Revolution, Napoleon, Latin American and European revolutions and the rise of nationalism. Include in the timeline the key terms and people on the Review Sheet. European Revolutions The Rise of Nationalism

2. Use three specific examples to support the claim that challenges to the existing order come from radical new ideas During the Middle Ages, not much had changed for about one thousand years. The Catholic Church ruled over everyone, and everything revolved around the church. Most people were uneducated and lived in poverty. Then, during the Renaissance, people began to challenge this way of life. Martin Luther challenged the corruption of the church with new ideas of the personal god. German peasants challenged their princes with new ideas about individualism. And even the idea that the Earth was central in the universe was challenged by Galileo’s heliocentric theory. These are all examples that prove that challenges to the existing order come from radical new ideas.

3. Use three specific examples to support the claim that challenges to the existing order come from radical new ideas Martin Luther was a German monk who was disgusted at how corrupt the Catholic church was. He didn’t agree with priests who sold forgiveness to people. He then wrote the 95 Theses explaining some of his new ideas. Martin Luther believed that the only way to get forgiveness from God was through faith. He also believed that authority should come from the Bible not religious leaders, and that people should read the Bible to decide what they believe. At this time, just to challenge what the Church said was a radical idea. However, Luther’s ideas of how the church should be was even more radical. Luther was also challenging the Church’s authority, which meant he was challenging the existing order that people should do what the Catholic Church says without question. As a result of Luther’s radical ideas he was declared guilty of heresy and excommunicated by the Edict of worms. However, Luther’s idea was still a great inspiration for the German Peasants Revolt.

4. Revolutions of 1948 • A.J.P. Taylor, perhaps the first historian to have a genuinely popular public following due to his masterly presentation of historical topics on a dedicated TV series, in relation to the Germanic experience of 1848 coined the phrase that "history reached its turning point and failed to turn". • Lewis Namier states that “1848 remains a seed-plot of history. It crystallized ideas and projected the pattern of things to come; it determined the course of the following century.“ • Poor grain harvests, the appearance of blight - an extremely serious disease - in potato crops, and generally depressed economic conditions across much of Europe in 1845-6 led to sharply rising food prices, unemployment, and a radicalisation of political attitudes.

5. 1. French citizens’ armies win their revolution for liberty and equality • Results, outcomes, consequences: • Rest of Europe begins to buy into French Revolutionary ideas about: • Equality, • Liberty • Popular sovereignty • Sees success of mass action to achieve goals

6. 2. Greeks revolt against Ottoman Empire • Results, outcomes, consequences: • Europeans feel a kinship with Greeks because of the connection (by way of renaissance) to ancient Greek culture. • Russian feel kinship with Greeks due to Eastern Orthodox religion • European militaries assist Greek independence movement by defeating Ottoman navy. • Greeks win their independence from Ottomans (conflict still exists today on Cyprus)

7. 3. Nationalist groups in Budapest, Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government • Results, outcomes, consequences: • Vienna riots forced resignation of Metternich in Austria • Liberal government is demanded by radicals but they cannot unify • Conservative backlash against radicals results in the failure of the revolutions.

8. 4. Charles X tries to set up absolute monarchy in France. • Results, outcomes, consequences: • After Louis XVIII (18th) Charles X overextends himself and riots break out forcing him to flee, ending the idea of absolutism in France (sorta) • Louis-Philippe becomes king of a constitutional monarchy • Implements some liberal reforms and rules for 18 years. • Becomes increasingly conservative, reacting violently to concerns of the working class hit hard by 1846-47 recession

9. 5. Paris mobs overthrow monarchy of Louis-Philippe. • Results, outcomes, consequences: • First, led to radical-led 2nd Republic • 2nd Republic fails within 4 years because the radicals begin to disagree. • Radical disagreements end in open bloodshed • People react to instability and chaos by supporting conservatives • Who promote and then elect Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte

10. 6. Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte is elected president of France and later assumes title of Emperor Napoleon III • Results, outcomes, consequences: • Prosperity and peace occurs under the strong centralized, but enlightened control of Napoleon III • Reform plans include: • Building bridges and roads • Railroads • Schools • And promoted industrialization

11. 7. Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire during Crimean War • Results, outcomes, consequences: • Russia is defeated due to lack of industrialization and transportation capabilities • Alexander II (who succeeds Nicholas as Czar) plans to rapidly modernize and industrialize

12. 8. Alexander II issues the Edict of Emancipation • Results, outcomes, consequences: • Serfdom technically ends in Russia • Serf no are no longer legally tied to the land. • Peasant communities now own the land. BUT… • Peasants have to work to pay off the land, by paying the Czar. Essentially they are tied to the land through debt.

13. Patterns of Change : Nationalism Austro-Hungarian - Nationalist disputes between Hungarians and Austrians led to the division of the empire into two states, which by the end of WWI led to two different nation-states (countries ) • Russian - Nationalist feelings of non-Russians like the Finns, Ukrainians, Poles, Jews, and the Baltic peoples against forced Russification, combined with the Crimean War led to weakening of Russian Empire that finally crumbles in WWI. • Ottoman - Combination of nationalist feelings among groups in the Ottoman Empire, along with very nationalist feelings among conservative Turks attempting to spread Turkish nationalism led to disunity and conflict.

14. Patterns of Change : Nationalism Mazzini –Set the stage for Italian unity by creating a movement called Young Italy, promoting democracy rather than monarchy, and consistently rabble-rousing and organizing movements to unit Italy into one republic. Cavour - Key adviser (prime minister) of King of Sardinia proposed uniting Italy under Sardinian Monarchy. • With realpolitik cunning, allied with Napoleon III, started war with Austria, and took northern Italy by force. • Also sent money and supplies to nationalist Italians in the South • Garibaldi - Like Bolivar in South America, Garibaldi led nationalist fighters to conquer Italy, uniting southern Italy, andthen joining the South to King Victor Emmanuel’s Sardinia in the north to create the united Kingdom of Italy. • However, nationalist feelings amongst the small “states” in Italy helped prevent Italy united government from successfully governing

15. Patterns of Change : NationalismGerman Unification under Bismarck Realpolitik– tough, realistic, practical, non-ideological politics was the basis for Bismarck using force and deceit to beat opponents like Austria and France, and manipulate French and German people into supporting a unified German Empire. • The Seven WeeksWar - resulted in German conquest of Northern German states taken from Austria and then was used to manipulate France to attack Germany. It was also used to manipulate southern Germans to support unification with the rest of Germany out of fear of France. • Franco-Prussian War - finished German unification, creating the “Second Reich” including Southern Germany by beating the French, taking territory and humiliating France’s army through more modern and technologically advanced military strategy and hardware. • France was defeated and set the stage for France to hate Germany, plan for future war and led to the horrors of World War I.