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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS MEXICO PART 3B: EARTHQUAKE VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS

Learn about the susceptibility of buildings in Mexico to earthquake damage and discover strategies for reducing vulnerability and enhancing resilience.

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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS MEXICO PART 3B: EARTHQUAKE VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS

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  1. LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERSMEXICOPART 3B: EARTHQUAKE VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA 

  2. MEXICO

  3. MEXICO IS ON THE PACIFIC RIM WHERE A LARGE FRACTION OF THE GLOBAL SEISMICITY OCCURS

  4. NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN MEXICO FLOODS GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES SEVERE WINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKES HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

  5. MEXICO EXPERIENCED A M8.1 SUBDUCTION ZONE QUAKE IN 1985

  6. BUILDING VULNERABILITY WAS (AND STILL IS) A MAJOR FACTOR IN MEXICO’S LOSSES IN 1985

  7. Mexico’s building stock, like the building stock of all countries, has vulnerabilitiesas a result of irregularities in elevation and plan, construction materials, and the underlying soil

  8. HAZARDS EXPOSURE VULNERABILITY LOCATION ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK RISK

  9. SEISMICITY TECTONIC SETTING & FAULTS EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MODEL

  10. TSUNAMI FAULT RUPTURE DAMAGE/ LOSS TECTONIC DEFORMATION DAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/LOSS FOUNDATION FAILURE EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE/ LOSS SITE AMPLIFICATION DAMAGE/ LOSS LIQUEFACTION DAMAGE/ LOSS LANDSLIDES DAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/LOSS AFTERSHOCKS DAMAGE/ LOSS SEICHE DAMAGE/ LOSS GROUND SHAKING

  11. LOCATION OF STRUCTURE IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS EXPOSURE MODEL

  12. QUALITY OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM VULNERABILITY MODEL

  13. 35 30 25 UNREINFORCED MASONRY, BRICK OR STONE 20 REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH UNREINFORCED WALLS 15 10 REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS STEEL FRAME ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME 5 0 V VI VII VIII IX CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND SHAKING MEAN DAMAGE RATIO, % OF REPLACEMENT VALUE INTENSITY

  14. CAUSES OF DAMAGE INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN EARTHQUAKES FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES “DISASTER LABORATORIES” LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

  15. MEXICO CITY HAS SOFT SOILS THAT AMPLIFY GROUND SHAKING

  16. MEXICO CITY HAS VULNERABLE SHORT BUILDINGS

  17. MEXICO CITY HAS VULNERABLE TALL BUILDINGS

  18. RISK ASSESSMENT • VULNERABILITY • EXPOSURE • EVENT • COST • BENEFIT AN EARTH-QUAKE EXPECTED LOSS POLICY ADOPTION • CONSEQUENCES POLICY ASSESSMENT REDUCING BUILDING VULNERABILITY REDUCES THE COMMUNITY’S RISK

  19. VULNERABILITY REDUCTION IS A CLASSIC EXAMPLE OF STRATEGIC COLLABORATION

  20. ACKNOWLEDGMENT:The vulnerability analyses that follow are based on global experience of a major reinsurance company that was shared for the benefit of all countries having buildings at risk in future earthquakes.

  21. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY DUE TO IRREGULARITIES IN BUILDING ELEVATIONS

  22. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] None, if attention given to foundation and non structural elements. Rocking may crack foundation and structure. 1-2 Box

  23. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] None, if attention given to foundation and non structural elements. Rocking may crack foundation. 1 Pyramid

  24. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Vertical transition in mass, stiffness, and damping may cause failure at foundation and transition points at each floor. 2 - 3 Multiple Setbacks

  25. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Top heavy, asymmetrical structure may fail at foundation due to rocking and overturning. 4 - 6 Inverted Pyramid

  26. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Asymmetry and horizontal transition in mass, stiffness and damping may cause failure where lower and upper structures join. 5 - 6 “L”- Shaped Building

  27. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Vertical transition and asymmetry may cause failure where lower part is attached to tower. 3 - 5 Inverted “T”

  28. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Top heavy asymmetrical structure may fail at transition point and foundation due to rocking and overturning. 4 - 5 Overhang

  29. SOFT-STOREY BUILDINGS ARE THE MOST VULNERABLE

  30. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Horizontal and vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure on soft side of first floor; rocking and overturning. 6 - 7 Partial “Soft” Story

  31. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure on transition points between first and second floors. 8 - 10 “Soft” First Floor

  32. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Horizontal and vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure at transition points and possible overturning. 9 - 10 Combination of “Soft” Story and Overhang

  33. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Horizontal and vertical transition in mass and stiffness may cause failure columns. 9 - 10 Sports Stadiums

  34. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY BUILDING ELEVATION LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Horizontal transition in stiffness of soft story columns may cause failure of columns at foundation and/or contact points with structure. 10 Building on Sloping Ground

  35. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY DUE TO IRREGULARITIES IN PLAN

  36. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY FLOOR PLAN POTENTIAL PROBLEMS RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] None, if symmetrical layout maintained. 1 Box

  37. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY FLOOR PLAN POTENTIAL PROBLEMS RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Differences in length and width will cause differences in strength, differential movement, and possible overturning. 2 - 4 Rectangle

  38. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY FLOOR PLAN POTENTIAL PROBLEMS RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Asymmetry will cause torsion and enhance damage at corners. 2 - 4 Street Corner

  39. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY FLOOR PLAN POTENTIAL PROBLEMS RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Open space in center reduces resistance and enhance damage at corner regions. 4 Courtyard in Corner

  40. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY FLOOR PLAN POTENTIAL PROBLEMS RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Asymmetry will cause torsion and enhance damage along curved boundary. 4 - 5 Theaters

  41. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY FLOOR PLAN POTENTIAL PROBLEMS RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Asymmetry will enhance damage at corner regions. 5 - 10 “U” - Shape

  42. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY FLOOR PLAN POTENTIAL PROBLEMS RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Directional variation in stiffness will enhance damage at intersecting corner. 5 - 7 “H” - Shape

  43. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY FLOOR PLAN POTENTIAL PROBLEMS RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Asymmetry will cause torsion and enhance damage at intersection and corners. 8 “L” - Shape

  44. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY FLOOR PLAN POTENTIAL PROBLEMS RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] Asymmetry and directional variation in stiffness will enhance torsion and damage at intersecting. 8 - 10 Complex Floor Plan

  45. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY DUE TO IRREGULARITIES IN INTERNAL PROPERTIES

  46. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY INTERNAL PROPERTIES POTENTIAL PROBLEMS Asymmetry and discontinuities in strength will cause torsion and concentrate stress around the opening. Opening in Shear Wall

  47. ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY INTERNAL PROPERTIES POTENTIAL PROBLEMS Asymmetry and variable stiffness will cause torsion and cracking/failure at staircase and elevator well. Opening in Shear Wall

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