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BIOLOGY

BIOLOGY. PSSA REVIEW. Structure and Function of organisms. PSSA Eligible Content S11.B.1.1 ( 1-3). Levels of Organization. Cells to Organism. Levels of organization. Organization - cells. Cells are the basic unit of life. All organisms (living things) are made of cells. Unicellular

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BIOLOGY

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  1. BIOLOGY PSSA REVIEW

  2. Structure and Functionof organisms PSSA Eligible Content S11.B.1.1 ( 1-3)

  3. Levels of Organization Cells to Organism

  4. Levels of organization

  5. Organization - cells • Cells are the basic unit of life. • All organisms (living things) are made of cells. • Unicellular • Made of one cell • Ex: bacteria, protists, fungi (yeast) • Multicellular • Made of many cells • Ex: animals, plants, fungi

  6. Cell types and organelles: animal cell

  7. Cell types and organelles:Plant cell

  8. Summary of organelles CILIA / FLAGELLA: responsible for cell movement

  9. Key cell compounds

  10. Transport across the cell membrane • Passive Transport • Includes diffusion • Does not require energy • Substances move from high to low concentration • With concentration gradient • Osmosis is diffusion of WATER across membrane

  11. Transport across the cell membrane • Active transport • Requires energy (ATP) • Substances move from LOW to high concentration • Against concentration gradient

  12. homeostasis • Maintenance of stable internal conditions required for cells to survive • CELL MEMBRANE plays key role • Selective permeability

  13. Classification of Organisms DOMAIN • Taxonomy defined • Science of grouping organisms • BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE: • Genus/species • Ex: Homo sapiens

  14. Domains • EUBACTERIA • ARCHAEA • Prokaryotic cells • Do not contain membrane bound organelles • NO NUCLEUS • YES DNA • EUKARYA • Includes Kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi • YES NUCLEUS • YES membrane bound organelles

  15. kingdoms

  16. Phylogeny: used to classify • Evolutionary history of organism • Used to classify • Shows ancestral relationships

  17. Dna SEQUENCING: used to classify Which organisms are the most closely related? The ones with the least amount of differences!

  18. Photosynthesis • 6CO2 + 6H2O + 6O2 + C6H12O6 • Carbon dioxide + water = oxygen + glucose • Changes radiant energy from sun into chemical energy in glucose • Occurs in chloroplast & uses chlorophyll • Occurs in 2 steps: • Light dependent reaction • Energizes electrons in chlorophyll; makes ATP • Splits water and releases oxygen • Light independent (dark) reaction • Also called Calvin cycle • ATP used to form glucose

  19. ENERGY TRANSFERS • PHOTOSYNTHESIS

  20. Cellular Respiration (AEROBIC) 6O2 + C6H12O6 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy (ATP) • Energy in glucose is changed to ATP • Occurs in 3 steps when oxygen is present: • GLYCOLYSIS • Produces 2 ATP (makes 4 and uses 2) • Splits glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate • KREBS CYCLE • Also called citric acid cycle • Transfers energy from pyruvate into energy holders called FAD and NAD which become FADH2 & NADH • ELECTRON TRANSPORT • Transfers energy from FADH2 and NADH into ATP

  21. RESPIRATION

  22. RESPIRATION (ANAEROBIC) • Oxygen is NOT present • Glycolysis occurs (glucose is split) • Following glycolysis- 2 choices • Alcoholic Fermentation • yeast • Lactic Acid Fermentation • Muscles in humans

  23. Continuity of life S11.B.2. 1 (1-4) & 2 (1 -3 )

  24. Evolution • Who developed the theory? • Charles Darwin during the 1800s • What is EVOLUTION? • Organisms change over time • Why do organisms change? • Natural selection: • All organisms have slightly different characteristics. If these characteristics/adaptations help them survive in a particular environment, they will pass the traits on to their offspring- thus changing the characteristics of the population over time

  25. EVOLUTION • EVIDENCE? • Fossils • Similar body forms • Similar embryos • Similar DNA & amino acid sequences in proteins

  26. Genetic information • DNA • Nucleic acid made of phosphate, sugar (deoxyribose), and nitrogen bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) • Base pairing: A = T C = G • Basic building block: nucleotide • Stores the genetic code • GENE • Section of DNA which has a code for one trait • CHROMOSOME • One molecule of DNA • Humans have 46

  27. Can you….. • Complete the other half of the DNA molecule below? • A - T - C - G - G - C - A - T • T - A - G - C - C - G - T - A

  28. Genetic information • REPLICATION • Occurs before a cell divides in 2 • Process in which DNA makes a copy of itself

  29. RNA and DNA 3 TYPES OF RNA messenger (mRNA) nucleus to cytoplasm (ribosome) transfer (tRNA) cytoplasm to ribosome ribosomal (rRNA) makes up ribosomes/in nucleolus too

  30. Genetic information • PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • Occurs in 2 steps • TRANSCRIPTION & TRANSLATION

  31. Genetic information • TRANSCRIPTION • Copying of DNA’s code in nucleus of cell by messenger RNA

  32. Genetic information • TRANSLATION • Reading of mRNA into a protein • Every 3 bases on mRNA (CODON) – 1 amino acid • tRNA (transfer RNA) retrieves amino acid from cell • Carries to ribosome to be put into protein

  33. Genetic code What amino acid is represented by the codon: UUU? phenylalanine (Phe) What amino acid is represented by the codon: AUG? methionine (Met)

  34. CELL CYCLE Or MEIOSIS Division of cytoplasm CHROMATIDS

  35. mitosis

  36. MEIOSIS Meiosis I Meiosis II

  37. Genetic information

  38. Patterns of inheritance • DOMINANT & RECESSIVE GENES • Genes occur in pairs • The dominant gene is seen in the organism • Recessive gene is masked • EXAMPLE: • R = gene for right handedness • r = gene for left handedness • In general: • if you have a gene for both right handedness and left handedness, you will be RIGHT HANDED

  39. genetics • Punnett Squares: • Used to predict probability of offspring having certain characteristics/traits • Rr X Rr

  40. Patterns of inheritance • MULTIPLE DOMINANCE • Certain traits have more than 2 different forms • Blood types occur from 3 different gene forms (alleles) A B O AB are dominant together = type AB blood A and B are dominant over O AA, AO = type A BB, BO = type B OO = type O Type O blood is the UNIVERSAL DONOR

  41. Patterns of inheritance

  42. Patterns of inheritance • SEX INFLUENCED TRAITS • Trait expressed differently in males and females • MALE PATTERN BALDNESS • SEX LINKED TRAITS • Are carried on X chromosome • Sex chromosomes = X or Y • Females = XX Males = XY • COLOR BLINDNESS, • HEMOPHILIA (blood clotting)

  43. Ecological Behavior and Systems PSSA Eligible Content S11.B.3.1( 1 – 5), 2 (1-3), 3 (1-3)

  44. biotic and abiotic components of ecosystem • Biotic factors: all the living things in an environment (i.e. bacteria, plants, insects, birds, and other animals). • Abiotic: all the non-living things in an environment (i.e. wind, precipitation, temperature, current in a stream, soil, caves).

  45. Energy transfers in ecosystem • SUN is ultimate energy source on planet! • Food chains show the movement of energy through an ecosystem. Sun grassgrasshoppermousesnakehawk Grass = producer (autotroph) Grasshopper = primary consumer (herbivore) Mouse = secondary consumer (carnivore) Snake/hawk = tertiary consumers

  46. Food web – shows overlapping food chains Organisms are INTERDEPENDENT

  47. BIOMES • large, distinctive complexes of plant communities distinguished by climate. • There are 7 major land biomes, 1 major aquatic biome and numerous minor biomes • Tundra • Taiga • Temperate Deciduous Forest • Grasslands • Desert • Temperate Rainforest • Tropical Rainforest • Coral Reef

  48. biomes Tundra Desert • Extremely cold • Covered by a permanently frozen layer of ground called permafrost • Little vegetation (sphagnum moss, fast growing annuals) • Very few large predators (caribou, migrating birds, polar bears, arctic foxes) • Extremely hot • Rainfall: <10” annually, may be zero • Little vegetation, cacti, fast growing annuals • Very few large predators (snakes, lizards, birds, coyotes) • Usually nocturnal

  49. Tundra & desert

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