Morphology

1. Morphology LI 2013 Nathalie F. Martin

2. Table of Content At the end of this chapter you will know: • Morphemes • Affixation: prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix • Compound Words • Lexical Categories • Derivation • Inflection • Morphological Typology of Languages • Word Formation • Other morphological phenomenon Reference: O’Grady & al. (2009); Rowe & al. (2012)

3. I. Morphemes Morphology Simple vs. Complex words Free vs. bound morphemes

4. Morphology • Morphology: • The analysis of word __________. • The system of categories and rules involved in _______________ and __________________.

5. Word and Morpheme • Word: the smallest _________ (an element that doesn’t have to occur in a fixed position) • Word simplevs. complex • Ex. • Morpheme: the smallest _________ _________ • Morpheme  free vs. bound • Ex. Ex: dinosaurs

6. Question #1, p.139 O’Grady,2009 Fly Desks Untie Tree Dislike Reuse Triumphed Delight Justly O’Grady, 2009

7. II. Affixation Root, affix Base Affix: prefix, suffix, infixes & circumfixes

8. Roots & affixes • Root: Serves as a building block for other words (usually, but not always a free morpheme) • Affix: Bound morphemes added to the root.

9. Affixation • Prefix: An affix that is attached to the _________of a base, • Ex. re-play. • Suffix: An affix that is attached to the _________of a base. • Ex. kind-ness.

10. Affixation • Infix: An affix that occur _________a base • Ex: Tagalog: write = sulat/ written = sinulat. • The infix -in- changes the verb from present to past tense. • Circumfixes: Where you _________ ___________(sometimes surrounding the root). • Ex: Arabic: Book = kitab / Wrote = kataba / has been written= kutib • Ex: Hebrew

11. Hebrew and Affixes The Ancient Hebrew Lexicon of the Bible  By Jeff A. Benner

12. Hebrew and Affixes הִמְטִיר (hee-teer) • This is the verb מטר (M.Th.R) meaning to "rain." The structure of the verb also identifies the verb tense as perfect – he rained. The prefix ה (hee) along with the י (ee) infix, identifies the verb as a hiphil (causative) verb – he made rain, or he caused to rain. But, the preceding word לא negates this verb – he did not cause it to rain. www.ancient-hebrew.org/emagazine/046.doc

13. Examples of English Affixes • -able • -ing • -ish • -ize • Anti- • Ex- • Re- • In-

14. Analyzing Word Structure Underline the root. Circle the affix. Draw a structure diagram. Payment Spiteful Suite Fastest Deform Disobey Preplan Optionality Prettier Mistreat Premature

15. III. Compound Words Closed-form compound Hyphenated compound Open-form compound

16. Compound Words • Closed-form compound: • Hyphenated compound: • Open-form compound:

17. What kind of Compound Word is this • Brain waves • Turnstile

18. What kind of Compound Word is this? • Hair plugs • Fast food

19. IV. Lexical Categories A small overview

20. Noun (N) Verb (V) Adjective (A) Preposition (P) Adverb (Adv) moisture, policy melt, remain good, intelligent to, near slowly, now Syntactic Categories (1)

21. Determiner (Det) Auxiliary (Aux) Conjunction (Con) Interjection the, this, my will, can and, or Oh, goodness sake, whatever Syntactic Categories (2)

22. Exercise: Word class • betterment • the • him • elegant • inconvenience • eloquently • comply • inasmuch as • over Determine the word class of each of the following words.

23. V. Derivation English derivational affixes Complex derivation Constraints in derivation Two classes of derivational affixes

24. Derivation • An affixational process that forms a word with a _____________ and/or ___________ _________from that of it’s base. • Ex:

25. Examples of English Derivational Affixes • See pages 117 or O’Grady. O’Grady, 2009

26. Derivation • Illustrated through trees: N V V Af A Af treat ment modern ize

27. Let’s Practice Underline the root. Circle the base. Draw a structure diagram. Payment Spiteful Suite Fastest Deform Disobey Preplan Optionality Prettier Mistreat Premature

28. Some examples of English Derivational Morpheme • -ic : Noun  Adj • -ly : Adj  Adv • -ate : Noun  Verb • -ity : Adj  Noun • -ship : Noun  Noun • re- : Verb  Verb • alcohol  alcoholic • exact  exactly • vaccin  vaccinate • active  activity • friend  friendship • cover  recover

29. Complexe Derivation Words with several layers of structure • Activation: N V A V Af Af Af Act ive ate ion

30. Constraints on Derivation • The suffix –ant Contest  contestant Defend  defendant Hunt  *Huntant  Hunter WHY? The suffix –ant can combine only with ____________________.

31. Constraints on Derivation • The suffix –en white  whiten dark  darken green  *greenen WHY? The suffix –en can combine only a __________ base that ends in an obstruent.  largen ? How about large ? The suffix –en can combine only a __________ _______base that ends in an ________ (Kwary, 2004).

32. VI. Inflection Inflection Inflections in English

33. Inflection • The modification of a word’s form to __________the ____________ ________to which it belongs • Ex:

34. The 9 English Inflectional Morphemes Nouns –s plural –’s possessive Verbs –s third person singular present –ed past tense –en past participle –ing progressive Adjectives –er comparative –est superlative -en past participle

35. Inflection vs. derivation

36. It changes the __________and/or the __________of meaning of the word, so it is said to create __________. Ex: It does not change either the ______ __________or the __________________found in the word. Ex: Derivation vs. Inflection (1)

37. Derivation vs. Inflection (2) • A derivational affix must combine with the base __________an inflectional affix. e.g. neighbour (base) + hood (DA) + s (IA) = neighbourhoods The following combination is unacceptable: neighbour (base) + s (IA) + hood (DA) = *neighbourshood

38. Derivation vs. Inflection (3) • An inflectional affix in more __________than a derivational affix. EX: the inflectional suffix –s can combine with virtually any noun to form a plural noun. On the other hand, the derivational suffix –ant can combine only with Latinate bases.

39. Describe the italic affixes: • impossible • terrorized • terrorize • desks • dislike • humanity • fastest

40. Describe the italic affixes: premature untie darken fallen oxen faster lecturer

41. The suffix -er • Ex: sin - sinner

42. VII. Morphological Typology of Languages Analytic (or isolating) languages Synthetic languages: Fusional (or inflectional) languages Agglitinating Languages Polysynthetic languages

43. Morphological Typology of Languages • Analytic (or isolating) languages • Synthetic languages: • Fusional (or inflectional) languages • Agglitinating Languages • Polysynthetic languages

44. VIII. Word Formation Compounding Conversion Clipping Blending Back-formation Acronyms Onomatopoeia Eponyms & Trade names Derivation Other word formation processes

45. 1. Compounding • Definition: Two or more words _______ _____________to form a new word. • Examples:

46. Properties of compounds • Properties of compounds • Lexical category • Stress • Plural

47. Endocentric vs Exocentric Compounds Note: The meaning of a compound is not always _____________________________. • Coconut oil  oil made from coconuts. • Olive oil  oil made from olives. • Baby oil  • blue-movies  • blue-chip  oil for babies NOT oil made from babies

48. 2. Conversion • Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a new ____________________. • Examples:

49. Conversion Taking Nouns and Adjectives and using them as verbs (and conjugating them).

50. 3. Clipping • Definition: Shortening a ______________ by ______________________________ • Examples: • Facsimile  • Hamburger  • Gasoline  • Advertisement 