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Islam

Islam. History of Islam. 570-632 Life of Muhammad Received revelations from God, via angel Gabriel 622 Hijrah (flight) from Mecca to Medina 630 Re-conquest of Mecca 680 Sunni/Shi’ah split 656 Uthman (3rd Caliph) had Koran compiled 2000 CE is 1421 Anno Hijrah. Distinctive Beliefs.

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Islam

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  1. Islam

  2. History of Islam • 570-632 Life of Muhammad • Received revelations from God, via angel Gabriel • 622 Hijrah (flight) from Mecca to Medina • 630 Re-conquest of Mecca • 680 Sunni/Shi’ah split • 656 Uthman (3rd Caliph) had Koran compiled • 2000 CE is 1421 Anno Hijrah

  3. Distinctive Beliefs • Koran (Qur’an) is direct revelation of the one God (Allah) and cannot be translated (114 Surahs) • Only ritually washed may read the Koran • 5 Pillars of Islam Shahadah (confession of faith), Salah (Prayers), Zakat (Charity), Ramadan (Fasting), Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) • Ka’bah in Mecca (cubelike building with “black stone) holiest site

  4. Major Muslim Groups • Sunni (Followers of “leaders of the faithful” chosen by the Muslim community, eg. Abu Bakr, the 1st Caliph) • Shi’ah (Party of Ali, the 3rd Caliph) • Sufis (Mystics eg. Dervishes)

  5. Other Distinctive Beliefs and Practices • Alcohol is totally prohibited to Muslims • Pork is prohibited • Beef, mutton and poultry must be Halal (killed and prepared by a Muslim according to Islamic Law) • Nakedness is strongly discouraged • Male authority (typical) • No pictorial representations of religious subject matter (religious art focuses on calligraphy and non-representational geometric figures)

  6. Organization • No global leader of faith • No priests • “Mosque” is the place of worship • “Umma” is the name for the entire religious community of Muslims • Imam (chief) leads prayers • “Muezzin” makes the call for prayers from “Minaret” (tower) • No clear distinction between religion and state (religion is a part of all aspects of life)

  7. Festivals • Birthday of Muhammad 12th month • Ramadan (9th month, which migrates through solar year) Muslims fast during daylight hours (sick and weak excepted) • Eed-ul-Fitr (the breaking of the fast) • Eed also commemorates Abraham’s Sacrifice (Abraham’s wife Hagar and son Ishmael are said to be the founders of the Arab people)

  8. Distinctive Rituals • Washing before prayer • Prayer 5 times Daily (morning, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, bedtime) • Prayer mats • Prostration (head touching ground) • Facing Mecca (WSW) • Ramadan Fast • Head covering common for Women (Hijab) and men (older & devout)

  9. Bioethical Issues • Organ donation is not encouraged • Like Jews, Muslims frown on non-essential autopsies • Circumcision is practiced • Birth control is discouraged • Abortion can be allowed in cases of threats to mother’s physical or mental health • Passive euthanasia is discouraged

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