U5: Manifest Destiny, Mexican-American War, Pre-Civil War

1. U5: Manifest Destiny, Mexican-American War, Pre-Civil War

2. SHOULDER BUDDIES!

3. What is Destiny? • John O’Sullivan, 1845: • ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth." • “Manifest Destiny” • It’s the U.S.’s destiny to colonize the continent • Rooted in concepts of American Exceptionalism, Continentalism

4. Elements of Manifest Destiny • the virtue of American people/institutions • the mission to spread these institutions • the destiny under God to do this work • STAGE I:Louisiana Purchase, 1803 • STAGE 2: Monroe Doctrine, 1823 • STAGE 3: Texas, 1836 • settled by Americans since 1821 • by 1835, too many for Mexico, so Santa Anatries to tighten control • Result? Rebellion, independent Texas Republic 1836 • by 1844…we wants it, yesss precious… I kilt me a b’ar when I was only three…but I apparently surrendered to the Mexicans and was executed shortly thereafter! Aw, shucks! Sam Houston (yes, THAT Houston)

5. 1. SHOULDER BUDDIES!! "I will go to the Wilds of Texas" David Crockett to Charles Schultz, 1834 The western & southern men dare not to sustain Jackson in his mad Caesar-like rages, and when they refuse, all the blood in the nation will be let loose on them. The time has come that virtue is expected to be transferable and as negotiable and a promissory note of hand in these days of glory and Jackson and reform... Little Van [Martin van Buren] set in his chair and looks as sly as a red fox and I have no doubt but that he thinks Andrew Jackson has full power to transfer the people of these United States at his will and I am afraid that a majority of free Citizens will submit to it and Say amen. Jackson done it, it is right. I have almost given up the ship as lost, I have gone so far as to declare that if Martin Van Buren is elected that I will leave the United States for I never will live under his Kingdom. Before I will submit to his government I will go to the Wilds of Texas. In fact at this time our Republican Government has dwindled almost into insignificance, our boasted land of liberty have almost bowed to the yoke of Bondage our happy days of Republican principles are near at an end when a few is to transfer the many[.] This is Van Buren principles. There is more slaves in New York and Pennsylvania than there is in Virginia and South Carolina and they are the meanest kind of slaves; they are volunteer slaves.... • What does Crockett mean when he says “I have almost given up the ship as lost?” • Why is Crockett going to “the Wilds of Texas?” • Crockett says there are “more slaves in New York and Pennsylvania” than in the South, and that they are “volunteer slaves.” What does he mean?

6. The Election of 1844 • James K. Polk(Dem) v. Guess Who? Henry Clay! (Whigs) • Issues: • Manifest Destiny: Expansion to Texas, Oregon VS In 1844, the Democrats were splitThe three nominees for the presidential candidateWere Martin Van Buren, a former president and an abolitionistJames Buchanan, a moderateLewis Cass, a general and expansionistFrom Nashville came a dark horse riding upHe was James K. Polk, Napoleon of the Stump! Austere, severe, he held few people dearHis oratory filled his foes with fearThe factions soon agreedHe's just the man we needTo bring about victoryFulfill our Manifest DestinyAnd annex the land the Mexicans commandAnd when the votes were cast the winner wasMister James K. Polk, Napoleon of the Stump! They Might Be Giants, “James K. Polk”

7. The Oregon Dispute • Great Britain, US both claim Oregon territory • Expansionist view: :”54’40 or Fight!” • Polk: can’t really fight in Oregon and Texas at the same time, so… negotiate! Oregon Treaty, 1846 THIS is what we risked war for?

9. The OTHER Issue: Mexican –AmericanWar (1846-1848) • Mexico: “Texas is still ours, y’know” • U.S. (mostly Dems): “Oh, yeah? WAR!” • First real foreign war, fought with volunteers • Relatively short, violent war • Many future Civil War officers/soldiers get first exposure to war here Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Ulysses S. Grant Winfield Scott Robert E. Lee

10. First war with real controversy; results in both avid patriotism, protest • HD Thoreau, “civil disobedience” • Outcome: • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Feb. 1848 results in the Mexican Cession • US gets CA,NM, NV,UT,AZ, TX • Mexico gets $15 million "I do not think there ever was a more wicked war than that waged by the United States in Mexico. I thought so at the time, when I was a youngster, only I had not moral courage enough to resign." 1ST WAR EVER “PHOTOGRAPHED”; ABOVE, VOLUNTEERS LEAVE FOR THE WAR; BELOW, AN AMPUTATION HDT

11. 2. SHOULDER BUDDIES!! Is it right for the U.S. government to compel military service? Put another way, was it right for Henry David Thoreau to refuse to pay taxes, which might go to fight a war he considered immoral?

13. 3. SHOULDER BUDDIES!! Look at this map of the Mexican Cession. Given what you know about American history, what future problems might develop from this acquisition of land for the U.S?

14. Yay! We won! Except… • Victory brings a question:will there be slavery in these new territories? • Wilmot Proviso, 1848:proposed amendment that made slavery illegal in any territories taken from Mexico • It fails, but it brings the slavery issue back to the national stage • South (and Polk) react angrily to Proviso, suggest sticking to Missouri Compromise line of 36’30

15. Ah, yes. Slavery.

16. Where is the “North?” Where is the “South?”

17. 4. SHOULDER BUDDIES!! Show on the map where you believe the “Northern” region and the “Southern” region of the U.S. are.

18. NORTH (23 STATES) • LARGE POPULATION (22 MILLION, 4 MILLION MEN OF COMBAT AGE) • INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY (100,000 FACTORIES, 1.1 MILLION WORKERS, 70% OF ALL U.S. RAILROADS, 81% U.S. BANK DEPOSITS) • SOUTH • SMALLER POPULATION (9 MILLION: 3.5 MIL. SLAVES, 1.2 MIL. MEN OF COMBAT AGE) • AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY (20,OOO FACTORIES, MAINLY COTTON) • SLAVERY (3.5 MILLION IN 1860)

19. 5. SHOULDER BUDDIES!! • What is “Southern” pride? • Does it still exist? • Is it good that it does?

20. THE STORM STARTS TO GATHER (1848-1860) • 1848: GOLD IS DISCOVERED IN CALIFORNIA • 1849: GOLD RUSH IN CALIFORNIA, ALASKA • 1850: CALIFORNIA APPLIES TO BECOME A STATE…A FREE ONE • WHAT ABOUT THAT 36’30 LINE, THOUGH? • SOUTH ANGRY OVER ANOTHER FREE STATE, ABOLITIONISTS USE OPPORTUNITY TO PROMOTE ANTI-SLAVERY MESSAGE

21. Who can save the Union…? DANIEL “UNION, NOW AND FOREVER” WEBSTER, MASSACHUSETTS! HENRY “THE GREAT COMPROMISER” CLAY, KENTUCKY! JOHN C. “THE CRYPT-KEEPER” CALHOUN, SOUTH CAROLINA!!

22. 6. SHOULDER BUDDIES!! • LEFT SIDE OF THE ROOM: “NORTH” • RIGHT SIDE OF THE ROOM: “SOUTH” • Of the issues listed on your paper, come up with the solution that your side HAS to have (think of it this way; what does your part of the country want, at a minimum, to be satisifed?)

23. The Compromise of 1850 • California in as a free state • NM, NV, AZ, and UT would be organized w/o mention of slavery. (Territories will make the call when they’re states) • Slave trade abolished in the Washington, DC (though slavery would still be permitted) • Texas given $10 million to settle border dispute w/Mexico (Texas uses $ to pay off its debt to Mexico) • Fugitive Slave Act passed (To pacify Southerners) • required citizens to assist in the recovery of fugitive slaves • Abolitionists, ex-slaves outraged

24. 7. SHOULDER BUDDIES!! In this scene from the movie Amistad, the President of the United States is hosting a state dinner for the ambassador of Spain. He receives an unexpected guest, Sen. John C. Calhoun (SC), who delivers a message to the President about the Southern view of slavery and its importance. • What does Calhoun mean when he says “there are those in this part of the country that regard the South as not only geographically beneath them?” • What does Calhoun mean when he says the South is “not as proficient in the art of gain?” • What is Calhoun referring to when he says “our life’s blood?”

26. A WAY OUT…? Sen. Douglas, “The Little Giant” • SEN. STEPHEN DOUGLAS (IL): ADVOCATE OF POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY )ALLOWS STATE CITIZENS TO DECIDE ON SLAVERY) • KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT 1854, • CREATES NEW STATES IN KANSAS, NEBRASKA • ALLOWS FOR POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY IN THOSE STATES

27. 1) ANTI-SLAVERY/PRO-SLAVERY FORCES FLOOD INTO TO CHANGE THE VOTE 2)“BLEEDING KANSAS”-ESSENTIALLY A SMALL CIVIL WAR

28. ULTIMATELY, TWO STATE CAPITOLS FORMED: TOPEKA (FREE-SOIL), LECOMPTON (SLAVE)* ATTRACTS ZEALOTS FROM BOTH SIDES

29. “The Crime Against Kansas” Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA) Rep. Preston Brooks (D-SC)

30. AMIDST ALL THIS VILLAINY AND BLOODSHED, THOUGH, THERE WAS ONE WHO DID FAR, FAR WORSE…

31. So this is the lady who started the Civil War.Abraham Lincoln Harriet BeecherStowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin • SLIGHTLY,INACCURATE, EMOTIONAL PORTRAYAL OF THEEVILS OF SLAVERY • 300,000 COPIES SOLD WITHIN A YEAR; EVENTUALLY 1.5 MILLION WORLDWIDE • PERSONALIZES THE SLAVERY DEBATE

32. 8. SHOULDER BUDDIES!! Can you think of another example of popular culture (books, TV, movies, etc) that had a similar impact to Uncle Tom’s Cabin?

33. Meanwhile, in Virginia… OCT. 6, 1859: HARPER’S FERRY, VA. NOW… THEN…

34. JOHN BROWN LEADS RAID IN ATTEMPT TO START SLAVE UPRISING IN SOUTH • ACT ENRAGES SOUTH; BROWN’S EXECUTION BY VIRGINIA ANGERS NORTH The Armory & Guard House, Harper’s Ferry VA

35. John Brown: Hero, Nut, or Both?

36. 9. SHOULDER BUDDIES!! John Brown’s last words: "I John Brown am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away, but with Blood.” Is John Brown insane? Or is he right? Or both?

37. The Six Degrees of John Brown Jeb Stuart—Southern general during war, helped arrest JB T.J. “Stonewall” Jackson: helped arrest JB, present at his execution Edmund Ruffin, secessionist, fired 1st shot at Ft. Sumter 1861-snuck into JB’s execution in cadet’s uniform R.E. Lee—arrested Brown at Harper’s Ferry John Wilkes Booth—present at JB’s execution No relation to Kevin Bacon…OR IS THERE?!?! His great-grand nephew Lewis was taken captive by JB! Jefferson Davis—eventual Pres. Of CSA, led Senate investigation into JB’s raid

38. Things get, if possible, worse. Dred Scott v. Sanford DRED SCOTT (SLAVE) SUES FOR FREEDOM AFTER LIVING IN FREE STATES S.C. SAYS: SLAVES ARE NOT CITIZENS; THUS, THEY CAN’T SUE SLAVES ARE ALWAYS SLAVES, EVERYWHERE IDEA OF “FREE STATES” IS GONE Roger Taney, SC Chief Justice

39. 10. SHOULDER BUDDIES!! Given these two tables, in what sort of environment would you find most slaves in the U.S. South? Who owned most slaves? How many?

40. Abraham LincolnRepublican John BellConstitutional Union 1860PresidentialElection Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat John C. BreckinridgeSouthern Democrat

41. SOUTH PERCEIVES LINCOLN AS AN ABOLITIONIST (OPPOSED SLAVERY) • THREATENS TO SECEDE FROM UNION IF LINCOLN IS ELECTED

42. Southern cartoon showing Lincoln “sneaking” into DC

43. 11. SHOULDER BUDDIES!! Was Lincoln an abolitionist? How do you know? Lincoln to Horace Greeley, 1862: My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that.”

44. Secession!: South Carolina,Dec. 20, 1860

45. Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

46. Where’s Waldo…umm, Lincoln (at his 2nd inauguration, 1864)? E. ABRAHAM LINCOLN ELECTED PRESIDENT, NOV. 1860 Anyone else you recognize?

47. John Wilkes Booth (assassin of Abraham Lincoln, 1865)