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1. U.S. History II Honors Final Examination Review 1865-1991
2. Chapter 13: The Expansion of American Industry Key Questions: How did new railroads help spur economic growth? Name two methods the industrialists may have used to dominate their industry? What were some positive and negatives of rapid industrial growth? What steps did employers take to fight labor unions? Analyze the causes and effects of the Pullman Strike.
3. New RAILROADS spur economic growth RR  PEOPLE MIGRATE WEST  SMALL TOWNS/BUSINESSES DEVELOP  BUSINESSES GAIN ACCESS TO RESOURCES ON A NATIONAL LEVEL FROM RR  PRODUCTION INCREASES  LABOR FORCE INCREASES  HIGHER DEMAND AND LARGER MARKET  INCREASED SUPPLY AND DEMAND  MASS PRODUCTION  NATIONAL ECONOMY Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse – Electricity
4. ANALYZING RAPID INDUSTRIALIZATION
5. TECHNIQUES OF EMPLOYERS AGAINST LABOR UNIONS Forbidding union meetings; firing union organizers; forcing new employees to sign “yellow dog” contracts, in which workers promised never to join a union or participate in a strike; refusing to bargain collectively when strikes did occur; refusing to recognize unions as their workers' legitimate representatives. Homestead Strike (1892)– Henry Frick cut wages, hired the Pinkertons to break the strike, and Alexander Berkman attempted to assassinate Frick. The public now saw labor unions as anarchists and socialists. (Carnegie was in Europe).
6. Methods of industrialists for business domination
7. ANALYZING THE Pullman Strike (1894)
8. Chapter 14: Looking to the West Key Questions: Describe four ways that the federal government encouraged the settlement of the West.   Why did it take decades for the government to bring the Indian wars to an end? How did large mining, ranching, and farming industries evolve in the West? How did the arrival of American and immigrant settlers change the culture of the West? Which groups supported the gold standard, and which favored free silver? Why did Populism take hold in the late 1800s, and what were its main goals? Identify the key issues, the key players, and the outcome of the 1896 presidential election. 
9. Government encourages western settlement
10. THE INDIAN WARS Clashing views of resources and land Restricting nomadic tribes through reservations Government consolidation of warring tribes Government designation of “chiefs” Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) – corrupt and mismanaged Inconclusive battles: Sand Creek Massacre (1864) Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) (Custer’s Last Stand) Battle of Wounded Knee (1890) (Massacre) Native Assimilation Dawes Act (1887)
11. Mining, ranching, and farming industries evolve
12. Changing western culture German-speaking immigrants arrived seeking farmland Closely-knit settlements from Texas to upper Mississippi Brought Lutheran religion, hard work, and education Lutherans from Scandinavia pursued dairy farming Northern plains from Minnesota to Iowa to the Dakotas Irish, Italians, European Jews, and Chinese settled in concentrated communities on the West coast Migrated inland for mining and railroad jobs Mexicans and Mexican Americans ranching African-Americans escaped violence and exploitation Reconstruction 1879 mass exodus led by Benjamin “Pap” Singleton 50,000 Exodusters
13. Gold vs. silver Gold bugs: Before 1873 U.S. currency was on a bimetallic standard, consisting of gold and silver U.S. Treasury notes could be traded in for either gold or silver Then Congress put the currency on a gold standard (1873) which decreased the money supply and prevent inflation Money supply was limited to gold held by the government “Gold bugs” (big lenders) were very pleased. The Bland-Allison Act of 1876 The move to a gold standard enraged the “silverites”, mostly silver-miners and western farmers. Silverites called for free silver, the unlimited coining of silver dollars to increase the money supply This act required the federal government to purchase and coin more silver, thereby increasing the money supply and causing inflation.
14. Industrialists/Bankers/Eastern Farmers: Gold standard Tight money policy Low money supply Value of dollar is higher / deflation High tariffs Less government economic intervention Farmers/Immigrants/Working Class Silver (bimetallism) Loose money policy Higher money supply Value of dollar is weaker / inflation Higher prices (more profit) Loans paid back are less Low tariffs More government intervention
15. The populists The Farmers’ Alliance formed a new political party: The People’s Party or the Populists. An increased circulation of money Unlimited minting of silver A progressive income tax which would put a greater financial burden on the wealthy industrialists and a lesser one on farmers Government-owned communication and transportation systems An eight-hour work day The Populists wanted to unite African American and white farmers The Populist candidate for President, William Jennings Bryan, won most of the western and southern states but lost the election
16. Chapter 15: Politics, Immigration, and Urban Life Key Questions: How did business influence politicians during the Gilded Age?   What problems did the spoils system create?   Why did so many people want to come to the United States between 1870 and 1915?  Starting in the 1890s, where did large numbers of immigrants come from?   How did slums develop in cities? What were the advantages and disadvantages of political machines for urban residents?   How did the settlement movement seek to help the needy?   What actions did nativists take to restrict immigration?  
17. Businesses and politics during the gilded age
18. Problems of the spoils system Under the Spoils System, candidates who were running for political office would give jobs in exchange for votes. The Spoils System also gave supporters access to money and political favors. PROBLEMS:
19. 1896 ElectionMONEY SUPPLY AND TARIFFS WILLIAM MCKINLEY V. WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN MCKINLEY – CONSERVATIVE COALITION OF BUSINESSMENT, PROFESSIONALS, SKILLED FACTORY WORKERS, AND PROSPEROUS FARMERS – IN CITIES – NORTH, UPPER MIDWEST, AND PACIFIC COAST BRYAN – POPULIST PLATFORM – DEFENDER OF THE FARMER (“THE GREAT COMMONER”) – SOUTHWEST DEMOCRATIC SUPPORT – DEMANDED FREE COINAGE OF SILVER LANDMARK ELECTION: BRYAN COULD NOT WIN A STATE IN THE NORTHEAST LABORERS FEARED THE FREE SILVER IDEA, AS WELL AS THEIR EMPLOYERS INFLATION WOULD HELP THE FARMERS, BUT HURT THE INDUSTRIAL WORKERS CITY V COUNTRY LAST TIME A MAJOR PARTY RELIED SOLEY ON THE RURAL VOTE
20. REASON FOR IMMIGRATION (1870-1915) Immigrants came to the United States to escape: Crop failures Shortages of land and jobs Rising taxes Famine (starvation) Religious persecution Political persecution In the 1880’s in Russia many Jewish people fled a wave of progroms. Most new immigrants came from central, southern, and eastern Europe and the Middle East.
21. DEVELOPMENT OF SLUMS Urban neighborhoods dominated by one ethnic or racial group of immigrants were called ghettos. Some ghettos formed because immigrants felt more comfortable living near people with the same language and traditions. Other ghettos formed from restrictive covenants, when homeowners agreed not to sell real estate to certain groups. Still other ghettos formed when ethnic groups isolated themselves because of threats of violence, mostly from whites. The introduction of the horse-drawn carriage allowed people to move out of the cities to the suburbs, or residential communities surrounding the cities.
22. Later in the 1880’s, motorized transportation made commuting even faster. The first elevated trains opened in 1868 in New York and the first subway trains appeared in Boston in 1897. Buildings became taller too. The first skyscraper in Chicago was ten stories tall. Many middle-class residents who could afford to move to the suburbs, did so. They left behind empty buildings and owners converted the buildings into multi-family units for workers and their families. Speculators also built tenements.
23. Tenement – low-cost apartment buildings designed to house as many families as the owner could pack in. A group of dirty, run-down tenements could transform an area into a slum. Because of poverty, overcrowding, and neglect, the old residential neighborhoods of cities gradually declined. Hundreds of people were crammed into spaces mean for only a few families.
24. THE POLITICAL MACHINE AND URBAN RESIDENTS Rapidly growing cities were difficult to govern. Increased revenue and responsibilities gave city governments more power and competition for control grew more intense. Different groups represented the interests of different classes. The political machine, born from these clashing interests, was an unofficial city organization created to keep a particular group in power. Political machines worked through the exchange of favors. Many people who wanted favors would pay money, graft, to the political machine. Graft – a major source of income for the machines.
25. THE SETTLEMENT MOVEMENT Moved into poor communities Their settlement houses served as community centers and social service agencies. Hull House, a model settlement house in Chicago, offered cultural events, classes, childcare, employment assistance, and health-care clinics.
26. RESTRICTING IMMIGRATION In the mid-1800s, American railroad companies recruited about a quarter of a million Chinese workers. Under pressure from labor unions, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. The act prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the country. It was not repealed until 1943. In 1906, the San Francisco school board ruled that all Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students should attend separate schools. The Japanese government condemned the policy.
27. President Theodore Roosevelt made a compromise with the Japanese government. It was called the Gentlemen’s Agreement because it was not official. It called for San Francisco to end its policy and for Japan to stop issuing passports to laborers. When the Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 limited immigration from Europe and Asia, labor shortages increased Mexican immigration.
28. Chapter 17: Becoming a World Power Key Questions: Why were the major European powers scrambling to seize new territory in the late 1800s?   Briefly explain the arguments of Alfred T. Mahan, Henry Cabot Lodge, and Albert J. Beveridge regarding expansionism.  Why did the American public favor war with Spain in 1898?  What was the Open Door Policy, and why was it important to the United States?  How did the Roosevelt Corollary affect United States policy in Latin America?   Describe the foreign policy goals of Taft and Wilson.   Explain why anti-imperialists believed that imperialism betrayed basic American principles. 
29. SCRAMBLING FOR TERRITORY Under Imperialism, stronger nations try to create empires by dominating weaker nations. The late 1800s marked the peak of European imperialism, with most of Africa and Asia under foreign control. Economic Factors: The growth of industry increased the need for natural resources. Nationalistic Factors: Competition among European nations for large empires was the result of a rise in nationalism.
30. Military Factors: Europe had better armies than Africa and Asia, and it needed bases around the world to refuel and supply navy ships. Humanitarian Factors: Europeans believed that they had a duty to spread the blessings of western civilizations to other countries.
31. The Monroe Doctrine Originally meant that the United States declared itself neutral in European wars and warned other nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere. Later, the doctrine was interpreted to mean a more active role to protect the interests of the United States. Roosevelt Corollary U.S. would use force to prevent intervention in the western hemisphere IS THIS FROM THE BUSINESS INTERESTS IN THE BANANA REPUBLIC?
32. SUPPORT FOR THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR This yellow journalism sold a lot of papers but had other effects as well: It whipped up American public opinion in favor of the Cuban rebels. It led to a burst of national pride and the desire for an aggressive foreign policy, which became known as jingoism. The USS Maine exploded, and the American public blamed Spain.
33. OPEN-DOOR POLICY MAINTAINED TRADE WITH CHINA, PERMITTING THE U.S. TO HAVE SPHERES OF INFLUENCE IN ASIA. CHINESE CONSUMERS MILITARY, ECONOMY, POLITICAL, INTERNATION POWER! DON’T FORGET ABOUT THE MIDWAY ISLANDS! NAVAL AND REPAIR STATION
34. ROOSEVELT COLLARY IN LATIN AMERICA The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine – the United States will act as “an international police power” in the Western Hemisphere and intervene to prevent intervention by other powers.
35. FOREIGN POLICY
36. imperialists…true Americans? A moral and political argument: Expansionism was a rejection of our nation’s founding principle of “liberty for all.” A racial argument: Imperialism was just another form of racism. An economic argument: Expansion involved too many costs. Maintaining the armed forces required taxation, debt, and possibly even compulsory, or required military service. In addition, laborers from other countries would compete for jobs with U.S. workers.