Industrialization of America

1. Industrialization of America “Rags to Riches” L A B O R

2. Transformationof America Workers and the Rise of Unions INDUSTRIALIZATION AND LABOR

3. POWERHOUSEThe Working Man Men, Women & Children

4. I N D U S T R I A L I Z A T I O N • Immigration provided industry with an abundant supply of labor. • Over 14 million immigrants came to the United States between 1860 & 1900. • Contract Labor Act of 1864.

5. U R B A N I Z A T I O N • Growth of big cities. • Immigrants settling in cities • People moving from rural areas to cities for jobs in factories.

6. Shifts in Population and Employment, 1860-1900

7. F A C T O R Y W O R K

8. Piecework & Sweatshops • PIECEWORK -Workers paid a fixed amount for each item that they produced. • Garment workers • Cigar workers • SWEATSHOP- shop where employees worked for long hours and under poor working conditions.

10. SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT • Frederick Winslow Taylor • The Principles of Scientific Management • How to improve worker efficiency. • Break down different tasks and proper amount of time to complete • Productivity Increases • PROFIT$ increase

11. Division of Labor • Separation of the tasks of production. • Workers completed one task to produce an item. • Concept of the assembly line. • The end of the artisan.

12. Working Conditions

13. GUN FOUNDRYby John Ferguson Wier

15. The Working Man burning On the stake of Monopoly

16. LABORERS • Ruled by the CLOCK • Start, breaks, stop. • Long working hours • No minimum work day. • Six-day work week • Only day off Sunday. • Dangerous and Unsafe. • No workers compensation for injuries. • Low wages. • No minimum wage • Competition for jobs

18. Child Labor Jacob Riis, Children of the Poor (1892)

19. Child Labor • Jacob Riis and Lewis Hine used photography to document the exploitation of child labor.

20. Child Labor • No laws prohibited use of child labor • 1880s approximately 5% of workforce was made up of children. • Families relied on income for children to survive.

23. W O R K E R S O R G A N I Z E

24. Uneven distribution of IncomeThe Gilded Age Wide gap between the wealthiest Americans and the working class and poor

25. S O C I A L I S M • Philosophy that promotes government/public control of business and the economy. • Government run industries • Government set production goals • Government set wages • Society, not individuals, control the wealth. • Advocate equal distribution of wealth to all. Karl Marx, Communist Manifesto

26. NOBLE and HOLY ORDER of the KNIGHTS of LABOR

27. Knights of Labor • Formed Philadelphia, 1869 • Admitted men and women • Skilled and unskilled workers. • Farmers and factory workers. • Recruited African Americans

28. Knights of Labor • Lead by Terrence Powderly • Promoted social reforms • Equal pay for equal work • Eight-hour work day • End child labor

29. AMERICAN FEDERATION of LABOR

30. AF of L • Formed under leadership of Samuel Gompers in 1886 • Skilled workers only • African Americans allowed but discouraged • Women not allowed • Lower wages.

31. American Federation of Labor • “Bread & Butter” unionism. • Focus on wages, work hours, and working conditions • Political activity, education, strikes, boycotts and collective bargaining

32. INDUSTRIAL WORKERS of THE WORLD • WOBBLIES • Formed in Chicago in 1905. • Lead by socialists and radicals • Focused on unskilled workers

33. GREAT RAILROAD STRIKE OF 1877 • Began over wage cuts and increased work. • Railroad workers went on strike and rioted. • President Rutherford B. Hayes sent in troops to protect railroad property. • Eugene V. Debs established American Railway Union. • Lesson – Federal government would act on the behalf of business over labor and use the military against labor.

34. HAYMARKET MASSACRE1886 • “Eight hours for work, eight hours for rest, eight hours for what we will.” • Labor demonstration at Haymarket Square in Chicago. • Anarchists involved • Bomb thrown into crowd killing a police officer and igniting a riot. Gunfire. Dozen killed.

35. HAYMARKET MASSACRE 1886 Knights of Labor blamed. Effectively ends that union. Lesson- Public believes unions are dangerous and violent.

37. HOMESTEAD STRIKE 1892 • Steel workers went on strike when Henry Frick decided to cut workers wages at Carnegie Steel. • Called in Pinkerton detectives against strikers. • Battle of Homestead fought between Pinkertons and the strikers. • Attempted murder of Frick by an anarchist was blamed on the strikers. • Public opinion turned against union • Lessons – public belief that unions were dangerous, violent and unAmerican.

38. PULLMAN STRIKE 1894 • George Pullman • Pullman Company • Railroad cars • Pullman, Illinois • Pullman workers paid in company money • Cut wages to his workers • Raised rent

39. PULLMAN STRIKE • Workers protested, Pullman refused to negotiate. • Debs and A.R.U. supported. • Refused to work on trains that had Pullman cars • More than 260,000 railroad workers joined strike • Railroad owners asked for federal court to intervene. • Court ordered strike illegal because it interfered with free trade • President Grover Cleveland sent in federal troops to enforce court order • Lesson – Federal government side with business over labor.

40. The SOCIAL DEMOCRACY OF AMERICA Eugene V. Debs AMERICAN SOCIALIST PARTY

41. Labor – “Hopelessly Bound To The Stake”