Patterns of Industrialization

1. Patterns of Industrialization By: Jessica Merle and Brooke Kuschel

2. Agriculture to Industry • Economies changed from being agriculturally focused to industry focused • Technological advancements and organizational changes allowed for industrialization to occur • Energy sources such as coal and petroleum were used to power this time of industrialization • Big business emerged as an effect of industrialization

3. Foundations of Industry • In the mid-eighteenth century, Great Britain, the Yangzi Delta in China, and Japan all had booming economies • High agricultural production led to a large increase in population growth • Rivers opened up trade • Obstacles were still in the way such as soil depletion and deforestation

4. Coal and Colonies • Great Britain was very dependent on coal for its industrialization • Wood had previously been used as the primary source of fuel for iron production, heating, and cooking • Lucky for them Great Britain sat on top of some large coal deposits • Coal began being substituted for wood • China’s switch from wood to coal came much later

5. Ecological Relief • The conquered Americas supplied Britain with the necessary resources to industrialize • Sugar exportations from caribbean islands also paid for imports of European goods • Expanded Europes land base

6. Mechanization of the Cotton Industry • Demand for cotton was strong so inventions were made to produce it more quickly • 1733-John Kay invented the flying shuttle • 1779- Samuel Crompton invented the mule • 1785-Edmund Cartwright patented a water driven loom • 1830- half a million people were employed in cotton business

7. Steam Power • 1765-James Watt developed general purpose steam engine • Burned coal to boil water to create steam to force a piston to turn a wheel • Energy was measured in horsepower • Did the work of what numerous animals could do • By 1800 more than a thousand were used in the British isles • Important to textile industry, allowed for greater productivity, and cheaper prices

8. Iron and Steel • 1709- smelters used coke (Purified form of coal) which was less expensive than charcoal to fuel iron production • Wood, which had been the source of charcoal was scarce • 19th century switched from Iron to Steel • 1856-Henry Bessemer built a refined and blast furnace known as Bessemer Converter

9. Transportation • James Watt’s steam engine did not adapt well to transportation • 1815- George Stephenson built first steam powered locomotive • Railroads and Steamships lowered transportation costs • Between 1830 and 1870, 13,000 miles of railroads were laid

10. The Factory • In the late 18th century the factory system emerged • It centralized workers and brought them out of their home, large scale production took place • Each worker performed a single task • Enabled managers to impose strict work and discipline

11. Working Conditions • Poor wages • Workers depended on employers for their livelihood • Usually worked 6 days a week for 12 to 14 hours • Strict and immediate supervision • Punished if they did not meet expectations

12. Industrial Protest • Lots of protests between 1811-1816 • Group called the Luddites destroyed textile machines in the night • They avoided violence against people and in return 14 of them were hung by the government

13. Industrialization in Western Europe • Britain dominated industrial world early on • Napoleonic wars helped industrialization spread in Western Europe • Industrialization spread by the mid 19th century to France,Germany, Belgium and the US

14. Industrialization in North America • US had abundant land and, natural resources • The money to industrialize came from European migrants, who were eager to invest • New England was the site for industrial production • 1870s- Iron and steel industries emerges • By 1900s US had become and economic powerhouse

15. Mass Production • Factories could mass produce standardized articles • Eli Whitney-Cotton gin, developed technique of using machine tools to produce large quantities of interchangeable parts in the making of firearms • Henry Ford- 1913- Assembly line

16. Business and The Corporation • Business organized on a large scale, the English East India Company • Corporations became the most common form of business organization in industrial societies

17. Monopolies, Trusts, and Cartels • Business firms formed associations to restrict markets or establish monopolies • Large scale businesses created trusts and cartels • Vertical Organization- dominate all areas of a single industry • Horizontal Organization- consolidate a bunch of independent companies by bringing them into one organization