The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution

2. The Industrial Revolution Begins in England • In the 1700s, the I.R. began in England • Agricultural Revolution spurred industrialization. • Enclosure Movement • Industrialization-process of developing machine production of goods. • England had the 3 Factors of Production: • Land (resources, land, waterways) • Labor (workers) • Capital (wealth)

3. New Inventions • A population boom caused people to invent new technology. • More food and cloth needed to be produced faster and easier. • Inventions: • Seed Drill, Cotton Gin, Steam Engine, Water Frame, telephone • Railroads-made transportation cheap and quick, provided new jobs

4. Urbanization • Cities in the 1800s began to grow • Urbanization-more people started to move to the cities • Worked in factories-first near rivers, then fueled by coal-mass produced goods • Factory owners wanted to make as much profit as possible • Businessmen, merchants, factory owners created a wealthy middle class • Working and living conditions were not good • This would lead to social class tensions and the rise of Socialism

5. The Rise of Socialism • Capitalism spurred the Industrial Revolution • Capitalism • Economic System • Factors of Production privately owned • Businesses want profit • Government interferes very little • Socialism developed in the mid 1800s from French reformer Charles Fourier: • Factors of Production are publicly owned • Operate for the welfare of all according to people’s needs • Government should plan economy • End poverty and promote equality, protect workers

6. Marxism/Communism • A German named Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels developed a radical form of Socialism in 1848. • The Communist Manifesto described how it would work. • Social Class War: • Middle Class (Bourgeoisie) v. Working Class (Proletariat) • Workers would revolt around the world against the Bourgeoisie • Workers then would share the profits equally for all people • Government would whither away • A classless society would develop (Communism) • No private property, all goods shared equally by the people

7. Industrialization Fuels Nationalism • Industrialization gave many countries increased wealth, technology, and confidence. • It caused these countries to unite politically into nation-states. • Nationalism-loyalty to a people, not a king. • Italy (1870): Camillo di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi help unite it. • Germany (1871): Otto von Bismarck, Prime Minister of Prussia, helped unify it. • Used Realpolitik to unify

8. Industrialization Fuels Imperialism (Late 1800s-Early 1900s) • Industrialization gave many countries wealth and power. • European countries began to feel superior to others. • Imperialism-Stronger countries seek to dominate weaker ones. • They also needed raw materials and resources from Africa and Asia to fuel industrialization. • The Berlin Conference (1884-1885)-European countries met to decide how to divide up Africa amongst themselves.

9. Imperialism in Africa • David Livingstone-explored Africa’s interior opening the door for others. • By the early 1900s, Europeans dominated Africa • Social Darwinism-those societies that are fittest will have the most wealth and success. • Cecil Rhodes, a British diamond businessman, supported this in South Africa. • The British also took control of the Suez Canal to gain fast passage to its colonies.

10. British Imperialism in India • Britain controlled India economically through the East India Company. • India had to buy British goods and produce raw materials for them (tea, cotton, indigo). • The British army in India included Sepoys, or Indian soldiers. • The Sepoy Mutiny (1857): Sepoys found out that their rifle cartridges were greased with beef and pork fat. • Sepoys rebelled, fighting the British for over a year before being defeated. • Britain took full control over India after this.

11. Imperialism in China • Many countries wanted to control China economically. • The British started trading Opium in the early 1800s. • Opium War (1839-1842)-Chinese were defeated by British. • Spheres of Influence were set up; areas of economic control. • Open Door Policy-created by Americans that stated that China must remain open to all foreign trade in all ports. • The Boxer Rebellion (1900)-Chinese rebelled against foreign influence

12. The Meiji Era in Japan (1867-1912) • Japan’s ports had been closed for centuries under the Tokugawa Shoguns. • In 1853, American war ships were led by Commodore Matthew Perry into Tokyo’s harbor. • Japan was forced to open its ports to foreign trade. • In 1867, the Shogun stepped down and the Meiji Emperor took over. • Meiji industrialized and modernized Japan • Japan became an imperial power taking over Korea and parts of China.

13. American Imperialism • Like European countries, the U.S. looked to obtain colonies in Asia for resources. • Spanish-American War (1898): The U.S. freed Cuba and acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. • White Man’s Burden-idea that it was America/Europe’s responsibility to civilize and develop inferior nations. • Filipino-American War (1899-1902)-Filipino nationalists fought American control. • Hawaii was annexed by the U.S. in 1898. • The Panama Canal-President Teddy Roosevelt had America build a canal that linked the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in 1904.