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Characteristics of public quick chargers to support EV users

Characteristics of public quick chargers to support EV users. December 8 , 2010 TEPCO Takafumi Anegawa. Why public chargers are necessary? How much kW is optimal output power ? Does quick charger degrade battery? Is there negative impact on power grid? How can we deploy quick chargers?.

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Characteristics of public quick chargers to support EV users

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  1. Characteristics of public quick chargersto support EV users December 8 , 2010 TEPCO Takafumi Anegawa

  2. Why public chargers are necessary? How much kW is optimal output power? Does quick charger degrade battery? Is there negative impact on power grid? How can we deploy quick chargers?

  3. EV drivers can not use full battery capacity Typical distribution of daily driving range Comfort Discomfort Fearfulness Driving range Driving range % of drivers Driving range Driving Range (km)

  4. March 2008 Driver knew that EV could but didn’t use it (October 2007) 15km 8km Drive mileage was 203km before quick charger installation. Driver understood EV performance but they were reluctant to use it.

  5. Quick charger removed range anxiety (July 2008) 15km 8km Drive mileage was drastically increase to 1472km after quick charger installation.

  6. Daily base driving distance is less than 100km in most cases then current EV can cover it easily. However, drivers are uncomfortable if remaining driving range become less than 50km. Public quick chargers relieve drivers’ range anxiety, and drivers use quick chargers only few times. Why public chargers are necessary?

  7. Why public chargers are necessary? How much kW is optimal output power? Does quick charger degrade battery? Is there negative impact on power grid? How can we deploy quick chargers?

  8. Public charging stations in California • 129 in San Francisco and Bay Area • 186 in Los Angels County • Inductive and conductive are mixed • Output power is around 5kW • Charging time is around 2hrs for 70km • Price is about $3,000 without installation cost. • Private charger design is same of public one. Inductive Conductive 700km

  9. Optimal output of public charger Cost is high. Charging time isn’t so short. Waiting time is too long. Charger cost (k$) Charging time for 80km range (min) Optimal power Charger Output Power (ｋＷ)

  10. Specification of developed quick charger • Specifications • Type: Switching type • constant current power supply • - Input: 3-phase 400V • - Output power: 50kW (10~100kW) • - Maximum DC output Voltage: 500V • - Output current: 125A (20~200A) Target charging time 5 minutes for 40km driving range 10 minutes for 60km driving range Unit price €20,000~30,000 Installation cost~€20,000 Cost for one user €250 = €50,000 ÷ 200 users

  11. Waiting time should be less than 15min. Additional driving range is 30km~60km which is equivalent of 5~8kWh. 50kW power can meet 10~15min recharging time. Less than 20kW is too slow. More than 80kW is too costly and charging time doesn’t become so short. How much kW is optimal power?

  12. Why public chargers are necessary? How much kW is optimal output power? Does quick charger degrade battery? Is there negative impact on power grid? How can we deploy quick chargers?

  13. Optimal charging speed is different in each batteries • Battery degradation is caused by over voltage and high temperature. • Limit voltage and temperature depend on battery characteristics. • On-board battery management system is watching the voltage and • the temperature in real time. • Observing parameters • Battery total voltage • Cell voltage • Battery temperature • Input Current etc. BMS: Battery Management System

  14. Charging process is controlled by EV in CHAdeMO • Problems: • Battery improvement is so fast that it’s difficult to catch up every batteries’ data. • Standardization to meet lowest speed battery disturbs battery improvement. • How CHAdeMO charger works: • EV computer unit decides charging speed based on BMS observation. • Charging current signal is sent to charger using CAN bus. • Charger supplies DC current following the request from EV. signal Communication Protocol Current Connector

  15. CHAdeMO quick charger can change charging speed to meet each batteries characteristics and condition. There is no negative impact on battery system by quick charging if charging speed is well controlled. Advanced battery which can absorb higher current can get higher power. Does quick charger degrade battery?

  16. Why public chargers are necessary? How much kW is optimal output power? Does quick charger degrade battery? Is there negative impact on power grid? How can we deploy quick chargers?

  17. Location of quick chargers on power grid Ultra High Voltage Low Voltage High Voltage >270 ｋV Substation Substation 66kV Power Station 6.6kV 66kV 50kVA Trans 5000kVA Trans 200kVA Trans Trans ３φ200V 1φ200V Condo Commercial Area Mall Office Building Residential Area × Normal charging 50kVA Quick Charger

  18. Slow AC for private and quick DC for public Fast Charging Speed EV users share quick chargers. Necessary number is ~100s Charging speed is most important. Private/Office Location All EVs need their own outlets Necessary number is ~100,000s Low unit cost is most important. Public × People cannot wait for hours. Slow

  19. Why public chargers are necessary? How much kW is optimal output power? Does quick charger degrade battery? Is there negative impact on power grid? How can we deploy quick chargers?

  20. Quick charger location in Japan For public use For private use Greater Tokyo Area 25ｋｍ 50ｋｍ ~300 chargers are in service Locations are on Google Map Search keyword is “CHAdeMo”

  21. TEPCO branch office 310 EVs are already deployed. 210 EVs will be deployed in 2010. 64 quick chargers are installed. It will be 100 by the end of 2010.

  22. Kanagawa prefecture office Operation started on June 2008

  23. Office Building Operation started on April 2009 Operation started on September 2008 Operation started on September 2009

  24. Metropolitan highway parking area Operation started on October 2008

  25. Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology Operation started on March 2009

  26. Gas station Operation started on March 2009 Operation started on July 2009

  27. Shopping mall Operation started on September 2008

  28. Convenience store Operation started on December 2009

  29. Mitsubishi Motors & Nissan Headquarter Operation started on August 2009 Operation started on June 2009

  30. CHAdeMO Association Activities: Establish technical specification of DC fast charger Deploy DC fast chargers by sharing installation and operation experience among the members.

  31. Thank you Why don’t you have a cup of tea？

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