The West After the Enlightenment

1. The West After the Enlightenment The American Revolution Period(1775-1783)

2. The American Revolution Period • American religion shifted from Revivalism to Revolutionary Politics • The Great Awakening was an “Americanizing” phenomena • Dominant LibertineAgenda of Revolution—political and religious • The American Churches at War • New England Congregationalism - Patriots • Anglicans of NE / Middle colonies - Tory oriented • Southern colonies were complicated array of Patriots and Tories • Historic Peace Churches: Quakers and Mennonites

3. The American Revolution Period • Revolutionary impact on religion in America • Christian losses due to the Revolutionary War • Revolution ended censorship • Conservative reactions to Christian losses • Establishing and securing Disestablishment • Nationally: religious liberties legally secured from outset • Denominationalism framed to insure religious liberties • Incipient Anti-denominationalism in response • Disciples of Christ: Thomas & Alexander Campbell • ChristianChurch (or Disciples of Christ)

4. The West After the Enlightenment The French Revolution & Conquests(1789-1795)

5. The French Revolution • Background: The Perils of Louis XVI’s Reign • Philosophe ideology popularizing new republican ambitions • King Louis XVI popularity declining • Initiation of Revolt: Calling of the Estates General • Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789 • Reorganizing governance / religion under Republic • National Convention • Jacobins • Reign of Terror (1793-95) in France under Maximilian Robespierre

6. The French Revolution • Impact of “Reign of Terror” on the Church • Completely severed church and state relationship • Created national religion: “Cult of Reason” (1793) • Final chapters in the Revolution • Execution of Maximilian Robespierre • Government persisted in Christian persecution • NapoleonBonaparte, a rising figure in military • Reign of Napoleon Bonaparte as French “Consul” • Resurrection of French Catholicism • Crowned HolyRomanEmperor(Notre Dame,1806)

7. The West After the Enlightenment Restoration of R.C. Papal Power(1815-1870)

8. Restoration of R.C. Papal Power • Tensions in 19th century European attitudes toward Catholicism • Struggles between Ultramontanism and Galicanism / Febronianism (German) • Factors restoring authority of church in Europe • Effects of Romanticism • Restoration of Jesuit Order (1814) • Removal of nationally instituted political disabilities • OxfordMovement’s defectors to RC. (1833-45)

9. Restoration of R.C. Papal Power • Reign of Pius IX (r.1846-1878) • Doctrine of ImmaculateConception of Mary • Syllabus of Errors(1864) • Vatican I: Declaration of Papal Infallibility(1870) • Decline in papal political influence/power after Vatican I • Anticlerical hostility emerged in many countries • “Iron Chancellor Bismarck” initiated May Laws • France’s “Separation Law” • Papal problems in Italy • Italian armies captured Rome (1870) • Law of the Papal Guarantees(1871)

10. The West After the Enlightenment Romanticism:Cultural Response to Rationalism

11. Romanticism:Cultural Response to Rationalism • What is Romanticism? • Intellectual and literary movement at the end of the 18th c. (ca. 1780-1830) • Diverse 18th c. sources • Intellectual fruit of post-enlightenment philosophers • KantCritique of Practical Reason • RousseauSocial Contract (1762) • Renewed emphasis on ethnic history(feature in German Idealism) • Influence of Hegel • Nationalism

12. Romanticism:Cultural Response to Rationalism • Romanticism’s Impact on Religion • Reassigned roots of Christian religion • Potentiality of human goodness and achievement emphasized • New theological approach • Altered the historic doctrine of God • Friedrich Schleiermacher(1768-1834) defined the new Romantic theology • Speeches on Religion to its Cultured Despisers(1799) • The Christian Faith(1821) [his magnum opus]

13. The West After the Enlightenment Colonialism:Political Fruit of Romanticism

14. Colonialism:Political Fruit of Romanticism • Colonization erupted as consequence of several factors • Napoleonic Wars (turned Britain’s attention toward its opponents’ colonies) • Industrial revolution • Political ambitions for imperial world domination • Consequences of European colonization were widespread • Latin America • Asia (military colonialism of China & Japan) • Sub-Sahara Africa (imperialistic colonialism)

15. Colonialism:Political Fruit of Romanticism • America’s “Manifest Destiny”: Popular Ethos of “naked political aggression” • Apologetic for colonization on grounds of “benevolent” development • James Monroe’s platform: No toleration of European ventures in western hemisphere • By close of 19th century, US secured entire continental land mass now held • Churches’ reaction to such expansionism

16. The West After the Enlightenment Second Great Awakening in America

17. Second Great Awakening in America • New England Congregational Phase – Conservative / Collegiate basis • Began at Yale under President Timothy Dwight • Spread to Dartmouth, Williams, and other colleges • American Frontier Phase – Camp Meeting basis • Protracted meetings attracted large crowds • Because of sparse populations, denominational barriers reduced • James McGready • Barton Stone and the CaneRidge Revival (1801) • Spiritual fruit harvested along with suspicions • Groundwork of Francis Asbury(d. 1816)

18. Second Great Awakening in America • Urban Phase – Charles G. Finney • Prominence as Presbyterian revivalist in Rochester NY campaigns • Published Lectures on Revival(1834-35) • “NewMeasures” for conducting of revivals • Oberlin college • Lectures on Systematic Theology

19. Second Great Awakening in America • Holiness Phase: The Third Awakening (1857-58) • Phoebe Palmer: Methodist lay theologian • Developed “altar theology” • Impact • Emphasized role of women in ministry(“Promise of the Father”) • Centrality of necessity of a “second work of grace” in revival preaching • Spawning of distinctly holiness camp-meetings throughout America and Europe

20. Second Great Awakening in America • Effects of the Second Great Awakening • Benevolent Empire of multiple voluntary societies • Memberships mushrooming in support / effectiveness • Denominational Splintering and Restructuring • Congregational: Liberal vs. Conservative • Presbyterian: Old School vs. New School • Theological conflicts over soteriology and freewill • New School theology represented by Taylor • Conservative Calvinists (Old School) feared NewHaven Theology • Horace Bushnell: Criticized excessive revivalism in Christian Nurture

21. Second Great Awakening in America • Effects of the Second Great Awakening • Emergence of new anti-denominationalism • Disciples movement: Thomas & Alexander Campbell • Swelling of evangelically aggressive denominations • Methodist soar to prominence • Baptists increase • New colleges and seminaries • Hundreds of new denominational colleges • Cults / alternative religions (“burnedover district”) • Millenarian groups / Perfectionist groups / Revelatory groups

22. The West After the Enlightenment Aberrant Religious Expressions

23. Aberrant Religious Expressions • Utopian Communities (Perfectionist or Millenarian) • Oneida Community (1846) of John Noyes transcendental perfectionism • Ephrata Community (PA) (German Anabaptists) • Shakers of Ann Lee Stanley (Mother Ann Lee) • Spiritualist Church • Fox sisters (Kate and Margaret) of Hydesville, NY

24. Aberrant Religious Expressions • Mormonism • Joseph Smith with his golden plates in Palmyra NY • Brigham Young moved group to Salt Lake City, Utah • Seventh Day Adventists • Hermeneutics of William Miller • Adventist denomination • Merged with Seventh Day Baptist • Influence of Ellen Harmon White • Jehovah’s Witnesses of Charles Taze Russell • Restorationist group focused on hidden clues within scriptures concerning future

25. The West After the Enlightenment American Civil War Era

26. American Civil War Era • Grounds for an American Civil War • Aggravated cultural disparities • Consequence of disparity—Ideological differences in both politics and religion • Pulpits on both sides defended justice of their cause • The slavery issue in American churches • Early voices against slavery in America (18th c.) • Such positions were modified with passage of time • Entrenchment of Southern attitudes by 1830 • Northern campaigns against slavery • American Anti-SlaverySociety organized (1833) as part of benevolent empire

27. American Civil War Era • Splitting churches on geographical fault line N-S (Mason-Dixon Line) • Only Episcopalians and Catholics weathered the storm without long-term divisions • New denominations emerged • Wesleyan Methodist Church of America (1843) • Free Methodist Church (1860) • Division among existing denominations • Methodist Episcopal Church South (1845) • Southern Baptist Convention (1845) • Presbyterian Churches split as Civil War approached

28. American Civil War Era • Emergence of BlackAmerican churches • Early separations from mainline churches in the North • African Methodist Episcopal Church(Richard Allen) [Philadelphia] • African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church[New York City] • After Civil War, separations in the South • National Baptist Convention • Colored Methodist Episcopal Church

29. The West After the Enlightenment Challenges Facing the 19th c. Church

30. Challenges Facing the 19th c. ChurchSocial Issues • Evangelicals popularized Christian moral standards as a civic duty to aid mankind • Influential Clapham Sect • Multiple societies emerging to improve society • Legislation enacted to ensure proper behavior • Abolitionism coming of age and achievement • In England: Woolman, Wesley, and Wilberforce • Voices from American Abolitionists (including Lane Seminary and Oberlin College)

31. Challenges Facing the 19th c. ChurchSocial Issues • Industrial revolution and urban plight • Groundwork for new social order • Ideas led to KarlMarx’sCommunist Manifesto • Many (in Victorian England) leveraged evangelicalism to resolve problems • Salvation Army of WilliamBooth • The Ragged Schools Union (Lord Shaftesbury) • Anti-Prostitution Campaign of William Gladstone • Women’s Christian Temperance Union of Frances Willard • Cadbury brothers Bournville village

32. Challenges Facing the 19th c. ChurchSocial Issues • American churches responded to inner city social ills / exploitation • City rescue missions (since 1850) • Christian social relief work (YMCA / YWCA / Salvation Army) • Institutional church models providing for holistic human needs • Goodwill Industries (est. ca. 1900)

33. Challenges Facing the 19th c. ChurchCrises of Faith: Modernity & Religion • Christianity responded on multiple fronts • Liberals: German theology (TübingenSchool) and biblical criticism • The Broad Church Movement in Anglicanism • Fundamentalists: Taking cue from English evangelicalism and Princeton theology • The Fundamentalist Movement in America • J. Gresham Machen: Christianity and Liberalism

34. Challenges Facing the 19th c. ChurchCrises of Faith: Modernity & Religion • New sciences / scientific philosophies • - Earth sciences (geology) • - Biological sciences: Charles Darwin • ScopesMonkey Trial(Clarence Darrow vs. William J. Bryan) • Biblical Criticism • Hermann Reimarus • Johann Eichhorn • Ferdinand Baur: Leader of the Tübingen School • Julius Wellhausen: JEPD theory • J.B. Lightfoot: An English conservative

35. Challenges Facing the 19th c. ChurchCrises of Faith: Modernity & Religion • Liberal Theology • Schleiermacher the “Father of Liberalism” • David Strauss • Albrecht Ritschl • The Social Gospel • Walter Rauschenbush [American Apostle of Social Gospel]

36. Challenges Facing the 19th c. ChurchCrises of Faith: Modernity & Religion • Responding to Christian liberalism • Catholics: shut and bolted door against liberalism • Protestants: largely entrenched against slippery slope of liberalism • High Church (Tractarians) • Low Church (evangelicals) emphasized scriptural authority • Princeton Theology of Charles Hodge, Benjamin Warfield • Dogmas developed in 12 volume“The Fundamentals” (1910-1915)

37. Resources Drawn From… • Cairns, Earle E. Christianity Through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church, Third Edition, Revised and Expanded. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996. • Dowley, Tim, ed. The History of Christianity: A Lion Handbook. Oxford: Lion Publishing, 1990. • Gonzalez, Justo. The Story of Christianity Vol. 2: Reformation to the Present Day. San Francisco: Harper, 1985. • Hill, Jonathan. Zondervan Handbook to the History of Christianity. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2006. • Kagan, Donald, S. Ozment and F. Turner, eds. The Western Heritage. New York: Macmillan Pub. Co., 1987. • Miller, Glenn T. The Modern Church. Nashville: Abingdon Press: 1997. • Needham, N.R. 2,000 Years of Christ’s Power Pt. 3: Renaissance and Reformation. London: Grace Publications Trust, 2004. • Noll, Mark . Turning Points: Decisive Moments in the History of Christianity. Leicester, England: IVP, 1997. • Walker, Williston A History of the Christian Church. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1985.