Plant Morphology Michael G. Simpson

1. Plant MorphologyMichael G. Simpson Plant Structure Terms Used for a specific structure/organ

3. Plant Habit = general form of a plant, encompassing stem duration and branching pattern, development, or texture. Herb - plant with annual above-ground parts Geophyte - perennial herb with rootstock Vine - weak stemmed Liana - woody vine Shrub - woody, multiple stems from base Subshrub - woody just above ground Tree - woody, one trunk

4. Plant Duration = how long a plant lives. Annual- ≤ 1 year Biennial- 2 years Perennial- 3 or more years

5. Plant Habitat = environment where plant lives. Terrestrial Aquatic Submersed Floating Emergent Epiphytic Saxicolous

6. Plant Life Form = structure, life cycle, physiology. Therophyte – annual Geophyte – perennial herb Epiphyte – plant growing on another plant Halophyte – salt-adapted plants Succulent – plant with fleshy leaves or stems Xerophyte – plant living in dry, hot environments

7. Roots Function - absorption, anchorage Structure - rootcap, root hairs, endodermis Adventitious roots - arise from non-root organ Lateral roots - arise from another root (1˚, 2˚, etc.)

9. Root Types/Parts taproot fibrous prop haustorial

10. Root Types/Parts storage roots Raphanus sativus, radish

11. Root Types/Parts buttress roots Ficus rubiginosa, rusty-leaved fig

12. Root Types/Parts pneumatophores Avicennia germinans, black mangrove

13. Root Types/Parts prop roots (also adventitious)

14. Shoot = stem + associated leaves

16. Each leaf primordium develops into one leaf.Caryota sp. Arecaceaeca. 20 feet long!

17. Stem (Shoot) Types areole bulb caudex caudiciform stem

18. Stem (Shoot) Types cladode corm culm fascicle/ short shoot rhizome

19. Stem (Shoot) Types tendril tuber scape stolon/runner thorn tiller

20. Stem (Shoot) Types pachycaul pseudobulb

21. Stem Habit =relative position of stem (+ growth, structure) prostrate acaulescent caulescent cespitose repent arborescent suffrutescent decumbent

22. Stem Branching Pattern sympodial monopodial dichotomous sympodial

23. Twig Structure collateral superposed pseudoterminal naked infrapetiolar

24. Leaf Structural Type bractlets scale bract phyllode tendril (leaf) unifacial leaf spine

25. Leaf Structural Type Bract (flower) Epicalyx Bud Scale

26. Leaf Structural Type Phyllode - Acacia spp. (Fabaceae)

27. Leaf Structural Type Tendril - Lathyrus (Fabaceae)

28. Leaf Structural Type Stipular Spine - Euphorbia spp. (Euphorbiaceae)

29. Leaf Structural Type Petiolar Spine - Fouquieriasplendens Ocotillo (Fouquieriaceae)

30. Leaf Structural Type Leaf Spine (arising from areole) - Cactaceae

31. Sharp things thorn - sharp-pointed stem/shoot (fr. axillary bud) spine - sharp-pointed leaf or leaf partleaf spine (also leaflet spine)stipular spine petiolar spine prickle - sharp pointed epidermal appendage

32. Leaf Structural Type Pitcher Leaf - Nepenthes (Nepenthac.) Sarracenia (Sarraceniac.)

33. Leaf Structural Type Tentacular Leaf - Drosera spp Sundew (Droseraceae)

34. Leaf Structural Type Trap Leaf - Dionaea muscipula Venus Fly Trap (Droseraceae)

35. Leaf Structural Type Dionaea muscipula Venus Fly Trap (Droseraceae)

36. Leaf Structural Type Iris sp. unifacial

37. Seismonasty Mimosa pudica Fabaceae

38. Leaf Type / Parts imparipinnate bipinnately compound simple paripinnate pinnately compound

39. Leaf Type / Parts palmate-ternate pinnate-ternate biternately compound palmately compound ternately compound = trifoliolate

40. Leaf Type / Parts geminate bigeminate costa-palmate unifoliolate geminate-pinnate

41. petiolate sheathing decurrent amplexicaul perfoliate connate-perfoliate sessile

42. Leaf Venation

43. Leaf Venation