1 / 30

CHEMICAL REGULATION

CHEMICAL REGULATION. CHEMICAL REGULATION. CHEMICAL SIGNALS COORDINATE BODY FUNCTIONS HORMONE A REGULATORY CHEMICAL THAT TRAVELS IN THE BLOOD FROM ITS PRODUCTION SITE AND AFFECTS OTHER SITES IN THE BODY ENDOCRINE GLANDS ORGANS THAT PRODUCE HORMONES TARGET CELLS

etenia
Download Presentation

CHEMICAL REGULATION

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. CHEMICAL REGULATION

  2. CHEMICAL REGULATION • CHEMICAL SIGNALS COORDINATE BODY FUNCTIONS • HORMONE • A REGULATORY CHEMICAL THAT TRAVELS IN THE BLOOD FROM ITS PRODUCTION SITE AND AFFECTS OTHER SITES IN THE BODY • ENDOCRINE GLANDS • ORGANS THAT PRODUCE HORMONES • TARGET CELLS • CELLS THAT RESPOND TO A HORMONE

  3. CHEMICAL REGULATION • CHEMICAL SIGNALS COORDINATE BODY FUNCTIONS • NEUROSECRETORY CELL • SPECIALIZED NERVE CELL THAT, IN ADDITION TO CONDUCTING NERVE SIGNALS, MAKES AND SECRETES HORMONES • NEUROTRANSMITTERS • CHEMICALS THAT CARRY INFORMATION FROM ONE NERVE CELL TO ANOTHER, OR FROM A NERVE CELL TO ANOTHER KIND OF CELL THAT WILL REACT, SUCH AS A MUSCLE CELL OR AN ENDOCRINE CELL • LOCAL REGULATOR • SECRETED INTO THE INTERSTITIAL FLUID AND AFFECTS CELLS VERY NEAR THE POINT OF SECRETION • EXAMPLE: PROSTAGLANDINS

  4. CHEMICAL REGULATION • ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • THE BODY’S MAIN CHEMICAL-REGULATING SYSTEM • WORKS CLOSELY WITH THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

  5. CHEMICAL REGULATION

  6. CHEMICAL REGULATION

  7. CHEMICAL REGULATION • HORMONES AFFECT TARGET CELLS BY TWO MAIN SIGNALING MECHANISMS • STEROIDHORMONES • NON-STEROIDHORMONES

  8. CHEMICAL REGULATION • NON-STEROID HORMONES • HORMONE ATTACHES TO RECEPTOR ON CELL MEMBRANE; BINDING OCCURS OUTSIDE OF CELL • EX. EPINEPHRINE (A.K.A. ADRENALINE) • INITIATES A SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY • ALWAYS MADE FROM AMINO ACIDS (PROTEIN BASED) • STEROID HORMONES • LIPIDS MADE FROM CHOLESTEROL • EX. TESTOSTERONE • HORMONE-RECEPTOR COMPLEX ACTS BY TURNING GENES ON OR OFF

  9. CHEMICAL REGULATION • HORMONES CAN BIND TO A VARIETY OF RECEPTORS • EPINEPRHINECAUSESGLYCOGENBREAKDOWNIN LIVER,BUT MUSCLECONTRACTION IN HEART CELLS

  10. CHEMICAL REGULATION • OVERVIEW: THE VERTEBRATE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • ENDOCRINE SYSTEM CONSISTSOF MORE THAN A DOZENMAJOR GLANDS • PINEAL GLAND • OUTGROWTH OF BRAIN THATSECRETES MELATONIN; NOTFULLY UNDERSTOOD • THYMUS • CLOSELY LINKED TO IMMUNESYSTEM; STIMULATES T CELLDEVELOPMENT

  11. CHEMICAL REGULATION • THE HYPOTHALAMUS, CLOSELY TIED TO THE PITUITARY, CONNECTS THE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS • HYPOTHALAMUS • MASTER CONTROL CENTER OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; PART OF THE BRAIN • ITS ENDOCRINE SIGNALS DIRECTLY CONTROLS THE PITUITARY GLAND

  12. CHEMICAL REGULATION • THE HYPOTHALAMUS, CLOSELY TIED TO THE PITUITARY, CONNECTS THE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS • PITUITARY CONSISTS OF TWO DISTINCT PARTS • POSTERIOR PITUITARY • COMPOSED OF NERVOUS TISSUE, AN EXTENSION OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS; STORES AND SECRETES HORMONES MADE IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS

  13. CHEMICAL REGULATION • THE HYPOTHALAMUS, CLOSELY TIED TO THE PITUITARY, CONNECTS THE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS • PITUITARY CONSISTS OF TWO DISTINCT PARTS • ANTERIOR PITUITARY • COMPOSED OF NON-NERVOUS, GLANDULAR TISSUE; SYNTHESIZES ITS OWN HORMONES

  14. CHEMICAL REGULATION

  15. CHEMICAL REGULATION • HYPOTHALAMUS AFFECTS THE PITUITARY IN TWO WAYS • RELEASING HORMONES • CAUSES THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY TO SECRETE HORMONES • INHIBITING HORMONES • CAUSES THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY TO STOP SECRETING HORMONES

  16. CHEMICAL REGULATION • HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROLS BODY TEMPERATURE BY • SECRETING TSH-RELEASING HORMONE (TRH) WHICH CAUSES • ANTERIOR PITUITARY TO SECRETE THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) WHICH CAUSES • THRYOID TO SECRETE THYROXINE • THYROXINE  INCREASES METABOLIC RATE, WARMING BODY

  17. CHEMICAL REGULATION • HYPOTHALAMUS/POSTERIOR PITUITARY • ENDOCRINE FUNCTION INCLUDES • OXYTOCIN • CAUSES UTERINE MUSCLE CONTRACTION DURING CHILDBIRTH, MAMMARY GLANDS TO PUMP MILK • ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) • HELPS KIDNEY CELLS REABSORB WATER (COLLECTING DUCT OF THE NEPHRON) • ANTERIOR PITUITARY • THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) • ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH) • FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) • LUTENIZING HORMONE (LH) • PROLACTIN • ENDORPHINS • NATURAL “OPIATE”; PAIN INHIBITOR / PLEASURE INDUCER

  18. CHEMICAL REGULATION • THE THYROID REGULATES DEVELOPMENT AND METABOLISM • THYROID GLAND • LOCATED JUST UNDER THE VOICEBOX • THYROXINE • HORMONE PRODUCED BYTHYROID GLAND • CONTAINS 4 IODINE ATOMS

  19. CHEMICAL REGULATION • THE THYROID REGULATES DEVELOPMENT AND METABOLISM • HYPERTHYROIDISM • CAN LEAD TO OVERHEATING, PROFUSE SWEATING, HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, WEIGHT LOSS, IRRITABILITY • HYPOTHYROIDISM • CAUSE WEIGHT GAIN, LETHARGY, INTOLERANCE TO COLD • GOITER • UNTREATED DIETARY DISORDER LEADS TO AN ENLARGEMENT OF THE THYROID; RESULTS FROM IODINE DEFICIENCY

  20. CHEMICAL REGULATION

  21. CHEMICAL REGULATION • HORMONES FROM THE THYROID AND PARATHYROIDS MAINTAIN CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS • 4 PARATHYROID GLANDS EMBEDDED IN THE SURFACE OF THE THYROID

  22. CHEMICAL REGULATION • HORMONES FROM THE THYROID AND PARATHYROIDS MAINTAIN CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS • CALCITONIC FROM THYROID • PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) FROM PARATHYROID • **ANTAGONISTIC HORMONES  HORMONES THAT HAVE OPPOSITE EFFECTS

  23. CHEMICAL REGULATION • PANCREATIC HORMONES MANAGE CELLULAR FUEL • PANCREAS PRODUCES TWOHORMONES THAT PLAYA LARGE ROLE IN MANAGING THE BODY’SENERGY SUPPLIES

  24. CHEMICAL REGULATION • PANCREATIC HORMONES MANAGE CELLULAR FUEL • INSULIN • LOWERS BLOOD-SUGARLEVEL • PRODUCED BY ISLET CELLS • SPECIALIEZ CELLS OFPANCREAS • GLUCAGAON • RAISES BLOOD-SUGARLEVEL BY BREAKING DOWNGLYCOGEN • PRODUCED BY ALPHA CELLS • SPECIALIZED CELLS OF PANCREAS

  25. CHEMICAL REGULATION • DIABETES IS A COMMON ENDOCRINE DISORDER • DIABETES MELLITUS • A SERIOUS HORMONAL DISEASE IN WHICH THE BODY CELLS ARE UNABLE TO ABSORB GLUOCSE FROM THE BLOOD • TYPE I (BORN WITH IT) • AUTOIMMUNE; IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS AND KILLS BETA (ISLET ISLET CELLS) • TYPE II (DEVELOP IT LATER IN LIFE) • BODY CELLS FAIL TO RESPOND TO INSULIN • HYPOGLYCEMIA • OVERPRODUCTION OF INSULIN; BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS DROP TOO LOW AFTER A MEAL

  26. CHEMICAL REGULATION • THE ADRENAL GLANDS MOBILIZE RESPONSES TO STRESS • 2 ADRENAL GLANDSSITTING ATOP THE KIDNEYS • ADRENAL GLAND ISACTUALLY TWO GLANDSIN ONE • ADRENAL MEDULLA • ADRENAL CORTEX

  27. CHEMICAL REGULATION • THE ADRENAL GLAND MOBILIZE RESPONSES TO STRESS • ADRENAL MEDULLA • INVOLVED IN FLIGHT-OR-FLIGHT REFLX • PRODUCES EPINEPHRINE (ADRENALIN) AND NOR-EPINEPHRINE (NOR-ADRENALIN)

  28. CHEMICAL REGULATION • THE ADRENAL GLAND MOBILIZE RESPONSES TO STRESS • ADRENAL CORTEX • MORE LONG LASTING EFFECTS • ACTIVATED BY ACTH RELEASED BY ANTERIOR PITUITARY • SYNTHESIZES CORTICOSTEROIDS • 2 TYPES • MINERALOCORTICOIDS • CONTROL SALT AND WATER BALANCE • GLUCOCORTICOIDS • AID IN MOBILIZING CELLULAR FUEL • EX. CORTISONE  LESSENS INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES, BUT WEAKENS IMMUNE SYSTEM

  29. CHEMICAL REGULATION • THE GONADS SECRETE HORMONES • GONADS • SEX GLANDS; SECRETE SEX HORMONES, IN ADDITION TO PRODUCING GAMETES • ESTROGENS • MAINTAIN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUCH FEMALE FEATURES AS SMALL BODY SIZE, HIGHER-PITCHED VOICE, BREASTS, AND WIDER HIPS • PROGESTINS • PRIMARILY INVOLVED IN PREPARING THE UTERUS TO SUPPORT THE EMBRYO • ANDROGENS • STIMULATE THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (EX. TESTOSTERONE)

  30. CHEMICAL REGULATION • SPEAKING OF THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS / GONADS…AND THE REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES…HOW DO BABIES GET MADE?? • THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IS NEXT!!!

More Related