The Plant Kingdom (Part I)

1. The Plant Kingdom (Part I) Kingdom Characteristics

2. Engage • Doom’s Day Vault Video

3. Explore • Plant Kingdom Lab

4. Explain • Multicellular, Eukaryotic, Autotrophic-Photosynthetic • Plant Cells • Cell walls of cellulose • Chloroplasts • Large central vacuole • Cuticle: waxy waterproof coating

5. Plant Origin • First plants • 500 mya • Looked like mosses • Probably evolved from green algae • Cellulose cell walls • Same type of chlorophyll • Store excess food as starch

6. Floweringplants Cone-bearingplants Ferns andtheir relatives Flowers; SeedsEnclosed in Fruit Mosses andtheir relatives Seeds Water-Conducting(Vascular) Tissue Green algaeancestor Evolution of Plants(Cladogram)

7. Adaptations of Plants to Land • Seeds (Dormant until water added) • Roots • Stems • Leaf – Autotrophic Organisms • Must Conserve Water (Stomata) • Reproductive Strategies

8. Roots, Stems, and Leaves Plant Tissues

9.  Root, Stem, and Leaf Tissues Leaf Stem Root Dermal tissue Vascular tissue Ground tissue

10. Dermaltissue Meristematictissue Vasculartissue Groundtissue Epidermalcells Parenchymacells Collenchymacells Schlerenchymacells Xylem Phloem Companioncells Vesselelements Sieve tubeelements Tracheids Section 23-1 Plant Tissues include includes includes includes includes includes

11. 1. The Seed • External Structures • 1. Seed coat • 2. Hilum • 3. Micropyle • Internal Structures • 1. Embryo plant • 2. Cotyledon

12. Germination – To Begin to Grow

13. 2. Roots: Anchors Away • Functions • Anchors the plant • Absorbs water and minerals from soil • Stores food

14. Primary Root • The first root to develop from the seed.

15. Secondary Roots • Develop from the primary root and from themselves.

16. Tap Root System • Develops from the primary root. • Reaches deep into the ground • Helps the plant during periods of drought.

17. Fibrous Root System • Develops when the secondary roots become the main roots. • Shallow roots but spread over a broad area. • Helps prevent erosion.

18. Epidermis Endodermis Root hairs Ground tissue(cortex) VascularCylinder Ground tissue (cortex) Phloem Epidermis Xylem Endodermis Vascular cylinder Zone of maturation Zone of elongation Apical meristem Cross Section of Plant Root(magnification: 40x) Root cap

19. The Root Tip • Root cap (Protects the root from abrasion) • Apical Meristem (Produces new cells for growth) • Zone of Elongation (Cells elongate allowing the root to grow longer) • Zone of Maturation (Cells develop into tissues)

20. 3. Stems: The Connector • Functions • Connects the leaves with the roots • Displays the leaves for maximum sunlight exposure. • Stores food • Minor photosynthetic ability • Contains vascular tissue • Phloem – transports sugars from leaves • Xylem – transports water and minerals from roots

21. Comparing Primary and Secondary Growth of Stems Primary Growth Secondary Growth Characteristics Where It Occurs Effect on Plant How It IsProduced At ends of plants Increases plant length By cell division in the apical meristem In stem Increases stem width By cell division in meristems other thanthe apical meristem

22.  Secondary Growth in Stems Primaryphloem Bark Secondaryphloem Cork Epidermis Corkcambium Secondary xylem Cortex Wood Primaryxylem Primaryphloem Secondaryphloem Vascularcambium Secondary xylem Primaryxylem Pith A. Vascular cambium appears B. Secondary growth continues C. Mature stemdevelops

23.  Layers of a Tree Trunk Contains old, nonfunctioning phloem that protects the tree Produces protective layer of cork Contains old, nonfunctioningxylem that helpssupport the tree Transports sugars produced by photosynthesis Produces new xylem and phloem, which increase the width of the stem Contains active xylem that transports water and minerals Wood Bark Cork Xylem:Heartwood Cork Cambium Phloem Vascular Cambium Xylem: Sapwood

24. 4. Leaf - Autotrophic • Functions • Carries on Photosynthesis • Stores food • Regulates transpiration through stomata

25.  Internal Structure of a Leaf Section 23-4 Cuticle Veins Epidermis Palisademesophyll Xylem Vein Phloem Spongymesophyll Epidermis Stoma Guardcells

26. Internal Leaf Anatomy • Cuticle • Epidermis • Palisade Mesophyll (chloroplasts) • Spongy Mesophyll • Vein (xylem and phloem) • Air Spaces • Lower Epidermis • Stomata • Guard cells

27. Sugar Transport in Phloem

28. Nutrient Transport • Occurs in PHLOEM • Pressure-flow hypothesis

29. 5. Water Conservation • Cuticle • Waxy outer coating that prevents water loss • Stomata • Openings for gas exchange • Open to release water, Close to conserve

30. Stomata

31. Stomata • Guard cells regulate the size of the stoma. • K+ (potassium ions) enter the cells causing them to fill with water. • This opens the stoma when they become turgid. • A loss of K+ causes the opposite to occur, and they close when they become flaccid.

32. Section 23-4 Guard cells Guard cells Inner cell wall Inner cell wall Stoma Stoma Open Stoma Closed

33. Section 23-4 Guard cells Guard cells Inner cell wall Inner cell wall Stoma Stoma Open Stoma Closed

34. Transpiration

35. Water Transport • Root Pressure • Capillary Action • Adhesion – attraction between unlike • Cohesion – attraction between like • Transpirational Pull • Pulling water up through the vascular tissue due to evaporation and capillary action

36. 6. Reproductive Strategies • Seeds • Contains an embryo • Contains a food supply • Covered by a protective coat • Spores • Single haploid cell with hard outer wall

37. Elaborate • Xylem Demonstration • The Magic Toothpick • Linking Up Demonstration • Stomata Lab • Transpiration Lab

38. Evaluate