The Plant Kingdom (Part II)

1. The Plant Kingdom (Part II) Plant Systems and Subsystems

2. Engage • Observe the different types of plants that are being passed around the room.

3. Explore • Kingdom Plantae Informational Search

4. Explain • Continue to add to your informational search as we discuss plant diversity.

5. Explain - Diversity of Plants Cone-bearing plants760 species Floweringplants235,000 species Ferns andtheir relatives11,000 species Mosses andtheir relatives15,600 species Form 2 main groups nonvascular and vascular plants

6. Bryophytes (Nonvascular) Do not contain specialized conducting tissues Live in water or moist environments Examples: moss, liverworts, and hornworts Tracheophytes (Vascular) They contain vascular tissue: xylem and phloem Examples: ferns, conifers, and flowering plants. Plant Divisions

7. Bryophytes (Mosses) • Nonvascular • No roots, stem,or leaves • Transport of water is by osmosis • Short in height (1-5 cm.) • Haploid gametophyte is dominant • Diploid sporophyte is small

8. Tracheophytes • Vascular Plants • The xylem conducts water up • The phloem conducts food (sugar) down • The sporophyte generation is dominant • Vascular Seedless Plants (Spores) and Vascular Seed Plants

9. Vascular Seedless Plants • Ex. Ferns • Contain horizontal stems, just under the soil, called rhizomes. • The roots grow from the rhizomes • The leaves are called fronds which contain the spores. • Requires H2O for sperm to swim to egg

10. Evolution of the Gametophyte and the Sporophyte Gametophyte (N) Sporophyte (2N) Bryophytes Ferns Seed plants

11. Gymnosperms Nonflowering Bear seeds on the upper surface of scales inside of cones Contain true roots, stems, and leaves Examples Conifers, Pines Angiosperms Flowering plants Flower is a group of modified leaves used for sexual reproduction; seeds found in fruit Contains true roots,stems, and leaves Examples: rose, lily, oak, maple, pea, and grass Vascular Seed Plants

12. Gymnosperms • Leaves are needle-like • Most are evergreen • They are called soft wood. • Reproductive structure is a cone or cone-like structure.

13. Life Cycle of Gymnosperm

14. Angiosperms • Broad leaf plants • Most are deciduous • Called hardwood • They are divided into two groups based on the number of seed leaves (cotyledons) they contain.

15. Life Cycle of Angiosperms Pollen grains (N) (male gametophyte) Anther (2N) Stigma Pollen tubes Style Haploid cell (N) Ovary Embryo sac (N) (female gametophyte) Egg cell Mature sporophyte Sperm Pollen tube Endosperm nuclei Endosperm (3N) Embryo (2N) Seedling (2N) (new sporophyte) Endosperm Zygote (2N) Seed coat Fruit Haploid (N) Diploid (2N) MEIOSIS Ovule FERTILIZATION

16. Cotyledons

18. Monocotyledons • “Monocots” • 1 cotyledon • Parallel veins on leaves • Fibrous roots • Flowers in multiples of 3 • Ex) grass, corn

19. Dicotyledons • “Dicots” • 2 cotyledons • Netted veins • Tap root • Flowers, 4’s or 5’s • Ex) Peanuts, green beans

21. Monocots Dicots 1 Cotyledon 2 Cotyledons Emergeabove ground Remainbelow ground Remains withthe seed Seed Germination Concept Map SeedGermination in have have that that

22. Comparing Wind-pollinated and Animal-pollinated Plants Characteristics Pollination method Relative efficiency of pollination method Plant types Reproductive organs Adaptations that promote pollination Wind-pollinatedPlants Wind pollination Less efficient Mostly gymnosperms and some angiosperms Cones Pollination drop Animal-pollinated Plants Vector pollination More efficient Angiosperms Flowers Bright colors, sweet nectar

23. The flower: the defining structure of angiosperms • Reproductive structure: pollen transfer; specialized shoot with modified leaves • Sepals: enclose flower before it opens • Petals: attract pollinators • Stamens: male; anther (produces pollen), filament • Carpel or Pistil: female; stigma, style, ovary, ovules

24. Perfect Perfect flowers contain both male and female parts on the same flower. Also called monoecious Imperfect Imperfect flowers are missing one of the reproductive parts. Also called dioecious. Flower Types

26. Life Cycle of Angiosperms Pollen grains (N) (male gametophyte) Anther (2N) Stigma Pollen tubes Style Haploid cell (N) Ovary Embryo sac (N) (female gametophyte) Egg cell Mature sporophyte Sperm Pollen tube Endosperm nuclei Endosperm (3N) Embryo (2N) Seedling (2N) (new sporophyte) Endosperm Zygote (2N) Seed coat Fruit Haploid (N) Diploid (2N) MEIOSIS Ovule FERTILIZATION

29. Hormone Action on Plants Hormone-producing cells Movement of hormone Target cells

30. Plant Hormones A. Auxins 1. Auxins and Phototropism 2. Auxins and Gravitropism B. Cytokinins – stimulate cell division, growth of lateral buds, cause dormant seeds to sprout C. Gibberellins – growth hormone that stimulates cell elongation, increase the rate of seed germination and bud development D. Ethylene Gas – causes fruit to ripen and withering of flowers after fertilization.

31.   Auxins and Phototropism Highconcentrationof auxin Lowconcentrationof auxin Control Tipremoved Opaquecap Clearcap Opaque shiedover base

32. Plant Responses A. Tropisms 1. Gravitropism – response to gravity 2. Phototropism – response to light 3. Thigmotropism – response to touch B. Photoperiodism – plants response to periods of light and darkness Short-day plants Long-day plants

33. Short-Day Plant Long-Day Plant Midnight Noon Long Day Midnight Noon Short Day Midnight Noon Interrupted Night Photoperiodism in Plants

34. Diversity of Plants

35. Elaborate • Different Types of Plants Lab • Monocots vs. Dicots

36. Evaluate