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Digital Systems Design 1

Digital Systems Design 1. Basic Organization of Digital Computers. Objective of the Course. Emphasis on the Designer’s Point of View Design carried out through a hardware description language (AHPL) for specifying the control sequence .

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Digital Systems Design 1

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  1. Digital Systems Design 1 Basic Organization of Digital Computers Veton Këpuska

  2. Objective of the Course • Emphasis on the Designer’s Point of View • Design carried out through a hardware description language (AHPL) for specifying the control sequence. • Control Sequence is a step-by-step description of the functioning of the digital system. • Control Sequences are easily translated into control unit hardware. • With completion of Control Sequence Digital System is considered designed. Veton Këpuska

  3. Generic Digital System Vectors of Binary Information Digital System { ControlInformation Veton Këpuska

  4. Brief Overview of Computer Evolution • From Abacus to Mechanical Calculators Designed in17th Century by Pascal and Leibniz. • First Device that is considered a computer in modern sense was proposed by Charles Babbage in 1830 (Analytical Engine). • Howard Aiken of Harvard University in 1937 proposed Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator -> Mark I sponsored by Harvard and IBM. Completed in August 7, 1944. Mark I was electromechanical machine. • ENIAC first Digital Computer based on Vacuum Tubes: J.P. Eckert and J.W. Mauchly, and John von Neumann mathematical consultant. • Great Speed of Electronic Devices => Unnecessary to have many parallel calculating elements. • Storing the Program in Memory much the same manner as data => made possible to branch to alternate sequences of instructions. • New Developments in electronics => EDVAC • Von Neumann’s 5 basic principles that defines a computer: • It must have an input medium, by means of which an essentially unlimited number of operands or instructions may be entered. • It must have store, from which operands or instructions may be obtained and into which results may be entered, in any desired order. • It must have a calculating section, capable of carrying out arithmetic or logical operations on any operands taken from the store. • It must have an output medium, my means of which an essentially unlimited number of results may be delivered to the user. • It must have a control unit, capable of interpreting instructions obtained from memory, and capable of choosing between alternative courses of action on the bases of computed results. • Eckert and Mauchly developed first commercially produced computer – UNIVAC I (1951). • Von Neumann at Princeton led development of IAS (1951) • Indexing and indirect addressing. Veton Këpuska

  5. Input Memory Output CPU Processing (ALU) Control Basic Organization of Digital Computers Data and Instructions Instructions Decision Results Results/Data Control Signals Veton Këpuska

  6. Memory • Word Length (8 bits – 128 bits) • Address Space (16 bits => 64K Memory) • Access Speed • Fast – Cache (Pentium 4 - 512K) • RAM (512M) • Hard Disk Space (>100G) • Slow (CD, DVD, Tape, etc.) Veton Këpuska

  7. Computer Categorization • Based on Use, Speed … • Personal Devices (PDA’s) • Microcomputers (Desktop, Laptop) • Mainframes (Business Machines) • Supercomputers • Parallel Computer Systems Veton Këpuska

  8. Instruction Formats • Instruction Word is divided into several sections/fields each containing one of the following: • Op-code: indicating the operation (ADD, SUB, SHIFT, …) • Operand Address(es). • Result Address • Next Instruction Address Veton Këpuska

  9. Opcode Operand Address Operand Address Result Address Instruction Address Opcode Operand Address Operand Address Result or Instruction Address Opcode Operand Address Operand or Instruction Address Opcode Operand or Instruction Address Typical Instruction Set Formats • 4 address instruction • 3 address instruction • 2 address instruction • 1 address instruction Opcode Operand Address Operand or Instruction Address Veton Këpuska

  10. Software • Increasing level of abstraction : • Hardware Instruction Set • Assembly • Compilers/Interpreters of High Level Languages: (C, C++, Java, Fortran, etc.) • Applications • Operating Systems (Interface between hardware and application software) Veton Këpuska

  11. Hardware Description • Objective of the course – Define a Computer (RIC) and design its subsystems via a Hardware Description Language: AHPL • Alternative to AHPL is VHDL – a more powerful language. • VHDL intended to be used over all levels of hardware description: from the digital circuit to the abstract algorithm. • This is the reason that it could not be tailored for clock-mode description as was AHPL • Thus it is ill suited to be used in the context of this text book. Veton Këpuska

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