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Greece and Iran, 1000-30 B.C.E.

Greece and Iran, 1000-30 B.C.E. Ancient Iran, 1000–500 B.C.E. Geography and Resources Mountainous edges; salty interior deserts; sloping plateaus limited natural (water/food) resources = limited population; plentiful but underexploited mineral resources The Rise of the Persian Empire

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Greece and Iran, 1000-30 B.C.E.

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  1. Greece and Iran, 1000-30 B.C.E.

  2. Ancient Iran, 1000–500 B.C.E. • Geography and Resources • Mountainous edges; salty interior deserts; sloping plateaus • limited natural (water/food) resources = limited population; plentiful but underexploited mineral resources • The Rise of the Persian Empire • Cyrus (r BCE) – Anatolia (Lydia) & Mesopotamia • Cambyses (r 530-522 BCE) – Egypt, Nubia, & Libya • Darius (r 522-486 BCE) – Indus Valley & Europe (Thrace) • Imperial Organization • 20 provinces/20 “satraps” • Royal roads and garrisons • Opulent Royal Court • Susa & Persepolis • Ideology and Religion • Propaganda contrasts with that of Assyrians; emphasizes cooperation and abundance • Zoroastrianism

  3. The Rise of the Greeks, 1000–500 B.C.E. • Geography and Resources • Homogeneous climate but varied terrain: limited arable land in south, greater agricultural production in north • Little timber & few metal deposits; abundance of stone & clay • Coastline includes many natural harbors; overland travel difficult • The Emergence of the Polis • “Archaic” period following “Dark Age” (ca. 1150-800 BCE) included: • Greek alphabet & increased population densities • Emergence of the independent polis, which featured an acropolis and agora • Hoplite defense forces; citizen militias • Safety valve “colonies” • Hellenes vs. Barbaroi • Coinage • Land-based aristocracies replace kings; rise of tyrants • Anthropomorphic deities with power over nature • State-sponsored festivals involving sacrifice

  4. New Intellectual Currents • Poetry emphasizing individuality • Flowering of Natural Philosophy • Prose-based Logography • Herodotus as the “father of history” • Athens and Sparta • Spartan military state; isolationist and centered in Peloponnese • Athenian society’s evolving “democracy”; located in Attica

  5. The Struggle of Persia and Greece, 546–323 B.C.E. • Early Encounters • Ionic Rebellion (499 -494 BCE) • Spartan-led Hellenistic League (480- 479 BCE) • Athenian-led Delian League (ca 477-457 BCE) • The Height of Athenian Power • Imperialist naval power (Trireme) based in Pireaus • Greek philosophy: Socrates, Plato (The Academy), & Aristotle (The Lyceum) • Transition from oral to literary culture

  6. Inequality in Classical Greece • Democratic participation extended to free adult males of pure Athenian ancestry • Exploitation of Slaves • Position of women varied greatly across Greece but males had absolute authority over households • Failure of the City-State and Triumph of the Macedonians • Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE) • Phillip II of Macedonia (r 359-336 BCE) • Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE)

  7. The Hellenistic Synthesis, 323–30 B.C.E. • The Hellenistic Kingdoms • Seleucid = Western Asia • Ptolemies = Egypt and Palestine • Alexandria • Antigonids = Macedonia

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