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THE COLD WAR

THE COLD WAR. CHAPTERS 16 &17. POST WAR POLITICS. YALTA CONFERENCE: FEBRUARY 1945 FDR, CHURCHILL, STALIN AGREED ON: United Nations International Peacekeeping organization Division of Germany Democratic Elections for Poland German POW’s Forced Labor. POST WAR POLITICS.

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THE COLD WAR

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  1. THE COLD WAR CHAPTERS 16 &17

  2. POST WAR POLITICS • YALTA CONFERENCE: FEBRUARY 1945 • FDR, CHURCHILL, STALIN • AGREED ON: • United Nations • International Peacekeeping organization • Division of Germany • Democratic Elections for Poland • German POW’s Forced Labor

  3. POST WAR POLITICS • POTSDAM CONFERENCE: JULY 1945 • TRUMAN, CHURCHILL, STALIN • AMERICAN VIEW: • We had fought to bring DEMOCRACY to the world • Wanted an ECONOMICALLY strong and POLITICALLY open world to create MARKETS • SOVIET VIEW: • Wanted to rebuild to PROTECT interests • SATTELITE NATIONS: countries subject to soviet domination

  4. USSR EXPANSION • 1947: Hungary and Romania • 1948 Albania and Bulgaria • 1948: Czechoslovakia • 1948: Finland & Yugoslavia • 1949: East Germany

  5. COLD WAR: The competition between the United States and the Soviet Union for power and influence in the world

  6. Harry S Truman • Became President in 1945 • Ran again in 1948 • Didn’t graduate college • “Fair Deal” meant to create welfare & employment • Republicans blocked • Desegregated the military

  7. How do we stop the spread of Communism? How do win the Cold War? Force? Blockades? Embargo? Threats? THINK – ANSWER THIS QUESTION YOURSELF PAIR – COMPARE YOUR ANSWER WITH YOUR GROUP, DECIDE ON A GROUP ANSWER

  8. US REACTION TO COMMUNISM • IRON CURTAIN: The theoretical line between communist countries and the “WEST” • George Kennan: • Containment: • Eastern Europe is already lost to Communism • US must stop the spread of Communism • TRUMAN DOCTRINE: • Support Free peoples’ resistance to Communism

  9. MARSHALL PLAN • American Policy makers didn’t want to repeat post-WWI mistakes • We wanted to restore war-torn nations • 1ST FUNDAMENTAL SHIFT in postwar foreign policy: TRUMAN DOCTRINE • 2ND: MARSHALL PLAN: USA will support European nations’ economic recovery • USSR invited to participate • Refused and pressured satellite nations to do same • $13 Billion in aid to Western Europe

  10. BERLIN, GERMANY BEFORE AFTER

  11. CAEN, FRANCE BEFORE AFTER

  12. DRESDEN, GERMANY BEFORE AFTER

  13. LONDON, ENGLAND BEFORE AFTER

  14. ROTTERDAM, HOLAND BEFORE AFTER

  15. BERLIN AIRLIFT • Capitalist Western Berlin & Communist East Berlin became symbols of the developing cold war • Hundreds of Thousands of Eastern Europeans left East Berlin • Stalin wanted to force Westerners out of Berlin

  16. Berlin Airlift • June, 1948: All shipments through East Germany were banned • Truman didn’t want to risk war • BERLIN AIRLIFT: moved supplies into West Berlin by plane • More than 200,000 flights • Fuel, food, other supplies • May, 1949: Soviets gave up blockade

  17. NATO • North Atlantic Treaty Organization • COLLECTIVE SECURITY: principle of mutual military assistance

  18. In 1955, USSR responded with… • WARSAW PACT: military alliance between USSR with its satellite • nations

  19. Collins Type III • What was the Berlin Airlift? • Who, What, Where, When, Why? • How was it an example of the “Cold War?” • ___/ 10 FCA 1: Neatly written, correct spelling • ___/ 10 FCA 2: Two complete paragraphs • ___/ 20 FCA 3: Completely answer the question

  20. The Cold War Continues (1949) • 1949: USSR gets the bomb! • October 1, 1949: People’s Republic of China

  21. World Relations • 1949: USSR develops the Atomic Bomb! • 1952: In response, the US developed the • Hydrogen Bomb: fireball 3 mile diameter, 25 mile high cloud • Some didn’t want to build it, Truman gave OK • 1953: USSR developed H-Bomb • ARMS RACE: international contest between countries seeking a military advantage

  22. BRINKMANSHIP BRINKMANSHIP: Diplomatic art of going to the brink of war without actually getting into war Making threats without following through MASSIVE RETALIATION: pledge the US would use overwhelming force against USSR to settle conflict

  23. Post War America

  24. POST WAR ECONOMY • GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT: market value of all goods and services produced • PER CAPITA INCOME: average income per person DOUBLES! 1945: $212 billion 1960: $504 billion $1,526 To $2,788

  25. BUSINESS REORGANIZE • CONGLOMERATES: Large corporation that owns smaller companies that produce different goods and services • FRANCHISES: The right to open a restaurant using a parent company’s brand name and system

  26. CHANGES IN WORKFORCE • Machines do the jobs people used to. • WHITE COLLAR: performing services for others

  27. GI Bill “Government Issue” – nickname for soldiers AIM: help veterans make a smooth entry into civilian life Provided money for veterans to attend college or buy a house

  28. GI Bill Helped millions of GI’s return to civilian life Homes were bought College attendance increased

  29. Executive Order 9981 Ended segregation in the Armed Forces

  30. Baby Boom Dramatic Rise in the Birth Rate after the war

  31. Cultural Changes in 1950s • Economic Boom created comfort and pride • Baby Boom: soaring birthrates • New Homes: Levittown, made possible by GI Bill • Offered suburban lifestyle to many • African Americans not allowed • Built with necessities – even TVs!

  32. Levittown

  33. Television • Between 1945-1950 5 million TVs • By 1959 more than 40 million American • Politics: leaders campaigned, Joseph McCarthy • Advertising: one show sponsored, then commercials! • Programming: reflected • 50s values • (family, game shows)

  34. Family’s role • Mom: Stay home, cook, clean, create the perfect home • Dad: Provide financially, disciplinarian • Children: Obey! Be seen, not heard.

  35. Create a House of Cards • But one of you will be a spy…

  36. Cold War at Home 1947-1953

  37. ACCUSATIONS • “Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist party?” • 10 invoked 5th amendment rights: HOLLYWOOD TEN • Jail times 6-12 months • Blacklist: people employers agreed not to hire • McCARRAN-WALTER ACT (1952) • Most disloyal Americans from Communist countries • Immigration quotas – discriminate against: • Asia, Southern & Central Europe • Truman: “One of the most un-American acts I have ever witnessed in my public career.” • Congress passes over Truman’s veto

  38. LOYALTY • Federal Employee Loyalty Program • All new employees investigated • FBI checks • Those accused of “disloyalty” put before Loyalty Review Board • Little chance to defend self • Adds to the suspicion of nation • HUAC • House of Un-American Activities Committee • Extended post-WWII to find Communist infiltration • Movie industry

  39. Julius & Ethel Rosenberg • American Communists • Accused of selling A-Bomb secrets to USSR • Pleaded the 5th • Pablo Picasso “do not let this crime against humanity take place” • Electrocuted in 1953 at Sing-Sing • Julius guilty • Ethel knew, but didn’t take part • Another example of racism, fear?

  40. Senator Joseph McCarthy • "The State Department is infested with communists. I have here in my hand a list of 205—a list of names that were made known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping policy in the State Department.“ • Senator Millard Tydings, was reported to have said, "Let me have him [McCarthy] for three days in public hearings, and he'll never show his face in the Senate again.“ • Called McCarthy’s claims a “fraud and a hoax” • Went after Tydings: created a fake photograph

  41. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations • Investigated members of the government on TV • Deemed books overseas “Pro-Communist” and had them burned • Eisenhower: Don’t join the book burners! • McCarthy then went after members of the military • Army-McCarthy Hearings • "The American people have had a look at you for six weeks," he said. "You are not fooling anyone." • Censured by the Senate • Died of alcoholism

  42. McCarthyism Spreading fear and making baseless charges

  43. Korea Before the War • Korea under Japan’s control since 1905 • Yalta: Allies agreed that Korea should be free from Japan • Temporarily divide Korea at 38˚ Parallel • North – USSR • South -- America

  44. Start of the Korean War • June, 1950 • 100,000 North Korean troops crossed 38˚ Parallel • Carried Soviet-made weapons • Eisenhower: “We’ll have a dozen Koreas soon if we don’t take a firm stand” • Ordered US troops to support Korean Troops

  45. Korean War • UN votes to support US efforts • POLICE ACTION: not war! • Protect Pusan at all costs • Inchon Landing: Led by Douglas MacArthur, surprise! • 70,000 troops landed and held ground • October 1: all of South Korea freed • Stop at 38 Parallel?

  46. End of the Korean War • No! • Make it to the Chinese border • Chinese feel threatened • 260,000 Chinese troops crossed border • UN forces retreat to Seoul • MacArthur called for bombing of China • Fired • Fighting ended in 1951 • 80,000 Americans wounded • 14,000 Dead

  47. Collins Type II • How did the fear of communism affect American Policy at home and abroad? • Legislation • Trials • Politics • Berlin • Korea • etc Title: Red Scare’s effects on US policy

  48. Soviets advance in Technology • USSR behind in number of weapons • October 4, 1957: Soviets launched SPUTNIK: first satellite launched into space • NASA: investigated the future of exploring space

  49. Fear Rises in the New Suburbs DUCK AND COVER!!!

  50. Political Changes • 1951 – congress passes 22nd amendment • President may only serve two terms • Reaction to whom?? • Dwight Eisenhower & Richard Nixon • Richard Nixon accused of having $18,000 as campaign “gifts” (not illegal, but accused of dishonesty) • Nixon used new technology, TV, to give famous “Checkers Speech” • Ticket wins • 1953: Stalin dies, Nikita Khrushchev comes to power PRESIDENT VICE PRESIDENT

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