Kingdom Animalia

1. Kingdom Animalia

2. Characteristics • Some eat plants, some eat animals, and some eat both. • Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores • Digest their own food • Move from place to place to find food, mates, places to live, and to escape enemies. • Multi-cellular • Eukaryotic • 9 major groups (Phylums) • Most of these groups are invertebrates

3. 2 Major Sub-Groups • Invertebrates • Vertebrates

4. Invertebrates • No backbones • Have an outside covering or are supported by the water they live in • Contain: • Coelentrates (hydra) • Sponges • Flatworms (tapeworm) • Roundworms (hookworms) • Segmented worms (earthworm, leeches) • Mollusks (clams, oysters) • Arthropods (lobsters, insects) • Echinoderms (sea stars)

5. Vertebrates • Have a backbone • Endoskeleton provides support for the body and aids in movement • Contains: • Jawless fish (lamprey) • Cartilaginous fish (sharks) • Bony fish (catfish) • Amphibians (frog) • Reptiles (turtle) • Birds • Mammals

6. Major groups (Phylums) • Porifera • Cnidaria • Platyhelminthes • Nematoda • Annelida • Mollusca • Arthropoda • Echinodermata • Chordata

7. Porifera • The simplest of the animal groups. • Most adult sponges live in slat water, attached to the sea bottom or some other object. • A sponge’s body is composed of 2 layers of body cells. • These body cells cling to a network of tiny spikes or fibers that surrounds the hollow central cavity of the sponge. • Water and wastes leave through a large opening on the top.

8. Cnidarians • Simple animals whose bodies are composed of two specialized layers of cells (tissues) separated by a jelly-like substance • All live in water and have a hollow sac-like body that has a single opening through which food enters and wastes are expelled. • Sometimes these openings are surrounded by tentacles lined with stinging cells. • Examples: Hydras, jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals.

9. Platyhelminthes • Flatworms • Have a flattened body with one body opening, a digestive system, and a simple nervous system. • Examples: • Turbellarians are free living flatworms • Blood flukes, liver flukes, and tapeworms are parasitic flatworms.

10. Nematoda • Roundworms • Named for their rounded body shape. • Have a straight digestive tube and two body openings—one for taking in food and another for getting rid of wastes. • Most are free-living found in pond water or in moist soils. • Some are parasitic on animals or plants. • For example, ascaris worms and hookworms live in the intestines of humans and other mammals.

11. Annelida • Segmented worms • Have rounded bodies with 2 body openings divided into a series of segments. • Examples: earthworms, leeches, and marine tube worms.

12. Mollusca • Soft-bodied animals with well-developed organ systems. • Many mollusks have hard shells made up of calcium to protect their bodies. • Examples: clams and oysters • Octopuses and squids are also mollusks but they have tentacles, but no external shell.

13. Arthropoda • By far the largest group of animals. • Characterized by multiple body segments and jointed appendages. • Live successfully in water or on land. • May have complex lifecycles (multiple phases.) • Arthropods have a hardened exoskeleton that protects their well-developed organ systems. • An exoskeleton is a hard outer covering for protection. • Example arthropods: insects, spiders, crabs, shrimp, lobsters, centipedes, and millipedes.

14. Echinodermata • Move by using special structures called tube feet, which resemble suction cups. • Known for their ability to regenerate missing parts. • This is the ability to grow new body parts in place of missing ones. • Example organisms: Sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers.

15. Chordata • Phylum contains the following groups: • Jawless fishes • Cartilaginous fishes • Bony fishes • Amphibians • Reptiles • Birds • Mammals

16. Jawless fishes • Have jawless mouths adapted for sucking body fluids from other fishes • Have elongated snake-like bodies with no appendages. • Gills for obtaining oxygen • Flexible skeletons of cartilage • Like all other fishes they are ectotherms. • This means that they have a body temperature that changes according to the temperature of the environment. • Example: The Sea Lamprey

17. Cartilaginous fish • Animals such as sharks • Generally live in the ocean • Have skeletons made of cartilage, 2 fleshy fins, gills, and strong jaws with many rows of teeth for tearing and eating flesh. • Stingrays and skates are other members of this group.

18. Bony fishes • The most numerous and varied kind of fishes • Have gills and skeletons made of bone • Most have a stream-lined body that is tapered at both ends and 2 pairs of fan-like fins • Their fins and body shape allow them to move easily through the water • Examples: catfish, goldfish, flounder, eels, trout, etc.

19. Amphibians • Name amphibian means “double life” • Most amphibians live part of their lives in water and part on land. • Most amphibians have 2 pairs of legs as adults. • Amphibians lay their eggs in water and are ectotherms • Usually have smooth skin that must be kept moist. • Most have gills when they are young and lungs as adults. • Examples: frogs, toads, and salamanders

20. Reptiles • Many have 2 pairs of strong legs with clawed toes for digging, climbing, and moving on land. • Covered by hard plates or scales that prevent water loss by evaporation. • Lay eggs that are surrounded by a tough, leathery shell that prevents them from drying out. • Breath with lungs and are ectotherms. • Examples: turtles, snakes, lizards, crocodiles, and alligators.

21. Birds • Have light, hollow bones and enlarged lungs as adaptations for flying. • Body covering of feathers and a pair of wings • Scaly legs and feet with clawed toes • Lay eggs covered by a hard shell. • Are endotherms • This means that they have a body temperature that remains constant despite temperature changes in the environment.

22. Mammals • Have a very advanced nervous system, which includes a highly developed brain and keen senses. • Feed their young with milk from mammary glands • Have hair on their bodies and breathe with lungs • Endotherms • Found on land, in the air, and in water. • One small group of mammals lay eggs but all other give birth to live young. • Examples: Lion, human, dolphin, bat