Chapter 6 Health and Wellness

1. Chapter 6Health and Wellness

2. The World Health Organization (WHO) • Health, according to the WHO, is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

3. The World Health Organization (WHO) (cont’d) • Goals • To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger • To achieve universal primary education • To promote gender equality and empower women • To reduce child mortality and improve maternal health • To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases • To ensure environmental sustainability and develop a global partnership for development

4. Components of Health • Health must be considered in its broadest, holistic sense. • Physical health • Emotional health • Psychological or mental health • Social health • Spiritual health

5. Morbidity and Mortality • Morbidity • The number of people with an illness or disorder relative to a specific population • Mortality • The chances of death associated with a particular illness or disorder

6. Nursing Implications Related to Healthcare Financing • The United States spends more on health than other industrialized country. • The United States spends billions of dollars every year on HIV/AIDS. • More than half of this cost goes to medical care. Some of the funds go to research and preventative educational programs. • Childhood immunizations represent a cost-effective and very efficient use of healthcare monies.

7. Question Is the following statement true or false? Morality refers to the chances of death associated with a particular illness or disorder.

8. Answer False Morbidity refers to the number of people with an illness or disorder relative to a specific population. Mortality refers to the chances of death associated with a particular illness or disorder.

9. Preventive Healthcare Measures • Prevention services or primary healthcare services • Prenatal care for mothers and infants, antismoking campaigns, and mammography for women • Secondary healthcare services • Medical or surgical therapies, generally in acute care settings • Rehabilitation or tertiary services • Chronic illness or disability

10. The Wellness–Illness Continuum • An individual’s daily state of health falls somewhere on a continuum from high-level wellness to death. • The components that contribute to a state of wellness are: • Good physical self-care • Prevention of illness or injury • Using one’s full intellectual potential • Expressing emotions • Managing stress appropriately • Comfortable and congenial interpersonal relationships • Concern about one’s environment and world conditions

11. Implications of Acute and Chronic Illnesses as Part of the Continuum. • Acute illnesses • Interfere with the wellness–illness continuum for a short period of time, such as the common cold • Chronic illnesses • Arthritis, asthma, or HIV/AIDS result in a long-term health disturbance • A person may have an acute illness, a chronic illness, or both. It is very common for an individual with a chronic illness to become acutely ill.

12. The Wellness–Illness Continuum

13. Question Is the following statement true or false? Arthritis is an acute illness.

14. Answer False Arthritis is a chronic illness that results in a long-term health disturbance. Affected individuals function within the wellness–illness continuum, but often are limited by their disorder. Acute illnesses interfere with the wellness–illness continuum for a short period of time.

15. Wellness and Maslow’s Hierarchy • Maslow’s hierarchy and the responsibilities of the nurse relate to the health–illness continuum. • If clients have survival needs but other needs are threatened, they function at a lower level on the hierarchy and move toward the illness end of the illness–wellness continuum. • When basic needs are satisfied and they move toward self-actualization, the trend is toward the wellness end.

16. Lifestyle and Risk Factors • Lifestyle Factors • Patterns of living that an individual chooses to follow • Risk Factors • May or may not be preventable • Certain risk factors relate to occupation, environment, or age

17. Lifestyle and Risk Factors (cont’d) • Nursing Considerations • Physical activity • Nutrition • Use of tobacco products • Substance Abuse • Stress • Violence and Abuse

18. Question Is the following statement true or false? The risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) doubles for children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy.

19. Answer True Pregnant women who smoke also increase the chances of having a low-birth-weight baby, preterm births, and stillborn babies.

20. Healthcare Education and Information • Formal courses in school (e.g., mine safety) • Informal courses (e.g., prenatal and birth courses) • Public service announcements and advertisements • Informational flyers, brochures, and books • Nonprofit organizations (e.g., American Cancer Society, American Lung Association) • Healthcare providers • Internet Websites

21. Age-Related Health Concerns • Infants • Low birth weight • Congenital anomalies • SIDS • Respiratory distress syndrome • Children • Accidental injury • Asthma • Obesity

22. Age-Related Health Concerns (cont’d) • Adolescents and Young Adults • Motor vehicle accidents • Firearms • Binge drinking • Suicide • Eating disorders • Sexual health and safe sex • Pregnancy

23. Age-Related Health Concerns (cont’d) • Mature Adults • Heart disease • Cancer • Diabetes mellitus • Osteoporosis

24. Age-Related Health Concerns (cont’d) • Older Adults • Heart disease • Cancer • Stroke • COPD • Pneumonia • Influenza

25. Question Is the following statement true or false? Motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for adolescents and young adults.

26. Answer True Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for ages 10 to 24 years. Worldwide, two-thirds of the individuals killed in MVAs are under 45 years of age.

27. Categories of Deviation From Wellness • Disease • Organic and functional diseases • Hereditary disorders • Congenital disorders • Infectious diseases

28. Categories of Deviation From Wellness (cont’d) • Deficiency diseases • Metabolic disorders • Neoplastic diseases • Traumatic injuries • Occupational disorders

29. End of Presentation