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Bellringer

Bellringer . What makes something a poison?. Toxicology and Drugs. Don’t Do Drugs. Objective. Learn about the evolution of the study of toxicology, and the basic things a CSI looks for in a toxicology report. Poison.

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Bellringer

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  1. Bellringer • What makes something a poison?

  2. Toxicology and Drugs Don’t Do Drugs

  3. Objective • Learn about the evolution of the study of toxicology, and the basic things a CSI looks for in a toxicology report.

  4. Poison • “All substances are poisons. There is none which is not. The right dose differentiates a poison and remedy” • Paracelsus (1495-1541), Swiss physician and chemist

  5. Poisons • Many of the most poisonous chemicals can actually be helpful in small doses. • Arsenic is extremely dangerous, but is found naturally; like in water.

  6. The most deadly poison • One gram of botulin could kill more than a million people. • This is the same thing that people inject into their face to “get rid” of wrinkles • Also used to cure migraines

  7. Botulism • An illness caused by the botulinum toxin • Causes paralysis • Not genetic

  8. Poison and Crime • People have been killing each other with poisons for centuries! • It became an art at one point, a job, or a hobby. • Back then they used many natural poisons. • At the time it was an untraceable way of killing someone.

  9. Forensic Toxicology • People began to figure out how to test for poisons in dead people in the early 1800’s • This became known as Toxicology: • The study of the adverse effects of chemicals or physical agents on living organisms

  10. Elements of Toxicology • There are six important things that a forensic scientist looks for while doing a toxicology report. • The chemical or physical form of the substance. • Dosage or how much is in the body. • How it enters the body.

  11. Elements of Toxicology • The body weight and physiological conditions of the victim, including age and sex. • The time period of exposure. • Whether other chemicals are present in the body or in the dose.

  12. Arsenic • Arsenic metal won’t be absorbed in your stomach so it is not very poisonous • Other compounds of arsenic are easily absorbed by your stomach and these will kill you quickly • Arsenic can also be part of a gas that can kill you if inhaled

  13. Ways of being poisoned • There is not just one way to poison someone…remember it’s an art! • Poisons can be swallowed, injected, absorbed through the skin, or inhaled. • Toxins: Substance that cause injury to the heath of a living thing on contact or absorption

  14. Check Point • What are the six elements of toxicology? • Is there only one way a person can be poisoned?

  15. Textbook Work • On pages 210 to 213 • Define: Chronic Exposure, Acute Toxicity, Synergism, and Antagonism • What is LD50 and why is it important for people to know? • If you eat ants, should you drink ant poison? Why or why not? • What is dioxin poisoning. • Why doesn’t BOTOX kill you? • How did they track down who poisoned AleksandrLitvinenko?

  16. Bellringer • What are the six elements of toxicology?

  17. Objectives • Solidify your history and terms of toxicology and poison. • Learn about common modern causes of poisoning.

  18. Textbook Work • On pages 210 to 213 • Define: Chronic Exposure, Acute Toxicity, Synergism, and Antagonism • What is LD50 and why is it important for people to know? • If you eat ants, should you drink ant poison? Why or why not? • What is dioxin poisoning. • Why doesn’t BOTOX kill you? • How did they track down who poisoned AleksandrLitvinenko?

  19. How do you detect radiation poisoning? • Demonstration

  20. Lead Poisoning • Lead compounds are not highly poisonous, but chronic (long-term) exposure to lead is very harmful • Our body needs some metals in it (like iron). We do not need lead. • When we take in lead it takes the place of iron or other useful metals, but doesn’t do the same job as them

  21. Lead Poisoning • Lead poisoning can cause subtle brain damage, affecting memory and thought processes. • The Romans loved lead! They used it in • Make-up • Cooking pots • Plumbing • Utensils • And they even boiled their wine in it!

  22. Downfall of the Romans • Many people believe this long term poisoning of themselves helped lead to their downfall. • This would never happen in modern times right?

  23. Wrong • Clair Cameron Patterson vs. Gas Companies • After becoming the leading expert in analyzing trace amounts of lead after discovering how old the universe is, C.C. Patterson began fighting against lead in gasoline.

  24. Clair Cameron Patterson vs. Gas Companies • The Gasoline companies hired and paid scientists to lie and say that since lead is naturally created on Earth that it is totally ok for humans to have in their bodies. • C.C. Patterson proved that lead is not meant to be anywhere near the surface of the Earth, where humans live.

  25. Bellringer • Who was C.C. Patterson and what did he do?

  26. Objectives • Understand and explain the likeliness of becoming poisoned by lead. • Begin to learn the dangers of alcohol poisoning.

  27. C.C. Patterson • Compared trace lead levels in top and bottom ocean levels • Compared trace lead deposits in ice mountains on Antarctica to modern ice. • Patterson won, and the government outlawed the use of lead in all standard, consumer, automotive gasoline by 1986.

  28. Lead Poisoning • Now lead poisoning is most common from lead paint. • It is most common in children. • Lead has a sweet taste. • This is why both children and Romans love to eat it! • Teething babies like to chew on sweet tasting lead paint

  29. Lead Poisoning • Now paint (1978) and gasoline (1995) are both lead free. • You cannot (legally) sell a house knowing that it has lead paint in it. • Can test paint with chemicals to see if it’s lead based. • Is it better to use lead or steel shot in a shotgun??

  30. Other sources of lead

  31. Lead Summary • Is it likely that an assassin would use lead to poison someone with? Why or why not?

  32. Lead Poisoning Summary • How concerned should you be with becoming poisoned from lead? • What is the most likely way to be poisoned from lead?

  33. The Cold War • Read the Case Study on page 219 of the textbook. • How big is 1.7 millimeters? • What should you do if you ever get hit with someone else’s umbrella? Why?

  34. Alcohol • Alcohol is the most abused drug in America • About 40 percent of all traffic deaths are alcohol related • This is the justification for and focus of our DUI laws

  35. DUI Laws • DWI – Driving while intoxicated • OUI – Operating under the influence • OWI – Operating while intoxicated • MIP – Minor in possession

  36. Legal Limit

  37. Alcohol • Alcohol is a poison • It is measured by the amount of ethyl alcohol in the blood (BAC) • The legal limit is 0.08 percent

  38. Alcohol • Like all poisons too much, can kill you • Alcohol directly effects your brain functions • Too much alcohol can cause parts of your body to shut down. • Even after someone has stopped drinking their BAC can still rise

  39. Alcohol • Alcohol begins to effect peoples’ brain function as soon as they drink it • It is easily absorbed into the blood stream • The liver “filters” out about 90 percent of it • First it changes it to acetaldehyde (a poison), then to acetic acid, then finally to carbon dioxide and water.

  40. BAC • A person’s BAC depends on • their sex • their body weight • what they were drinking • how fast they drank it • their tolerance

  41. BAC calculations

  42. BAC calculations • What is the BAC of Johnny if he had 30 oz of 5.7% alcohol and weighs 157 pounds? • 0.08% • What is the BAC if a 120 pound female had the same amount of alcohol? • 0.12%

  43. Bellringer • Calculate the BAC of a male that weighs 160 pounds and had 20 ounces of 4.2% alcohol. • .04%

  44. Objectives • Be able to explain the laws of alcohol and the roads. • “Experience” field sobriety tests.

  45. Reminder • Your outline for your final paper is due this Friday (5/2) • This outline should have references too.

  46. BAC

  47. Questions • What percent of car crash deaths involve alcohol? • What is the legal BAC limit in the USA for a driver?

  48. BAC • Police officers do not use the honor system and charts to figure out someone’s BAC

  49. Field Sobriety Tests • Police officers can conduct a field sobriety test if they are suspicious that a driver is under the influence • Tests can include • Walking a straight line • Standing on one foot while counting • Reciting the alphabet rapidly or counting from ten backwards • Touching a finger to the nose • A nine-step heel-to-toe and turn • Observation of eye twitching

  50. Breathalyzers • Modern breathalyzers are small and very accurate • They either use infrared light or chemical fuel cells to figure out someone’s BAC

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