MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY HUMAN BODY ORIENTATION

ANATOMY • MORPHOLOGY

PHYSIOLOGY • FUNCTION

MOLECULAR HIERARCHY • SUBATOMIC • Electrons • Neutrons • Protons • ATOM • MOLECULE

HEIRARCHY CONT. • MACROMOLECULES • Proteins • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic acids

HIERARCHY CONT. • CELL (CYTOLOGY; CELL BIOLOGY) • NUCLEUS • CELL MEMBRANE (plasma membrane, phospholipid bilayer) • CYTOPLASM (cytosol) • MITOCHONDRIA (cellular respiration; conversion of glucose to carbon dioxide and water and ATP)

HIERARCHY CONT. • CELL • LYSOSOME (digestive enzymes) • PEROXISOMES (detoxification, especially alcohol) • ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM • SMOOTH ER (synthesis of lipids, detox, drug tolerance) • ROUGH ER (protein assembly) • GOLGI APPARATUS (post-translational modification)

Hierarchy cont • CELL • NUCLEUS (in eukaryotes, protects genetic info) • FLAGELLA AND CILIA (cell movement; 9=2 array)

HIERARCHY CONT • TISSUE (HISTOLOGY) • EPITHELIAL (epithelium and endothelium, glands) • CONNECTIVE (dense connective like bone, adipose, loose connective like blood vessels, and blood and lymph) • MUSCLE (cardiac, smooth, skeletal) • NERVOUS (nerves, spinal cord, brain)

HIERARCHY CONT • ORGANS (see Table 2.2) • ORGAN SYSTEMS • RESPIRATORY • NERVOUS • DIFESTIVE • CIRCULATORY • ALL LEADS TO HUMA ORGANISM

ANATOMY • BODY PLANES • VERTICAL (rt angle to horizon) • MIDSAGITTAL – vertical, rt and left halves • SAGITTAL – unequal left and right portions • CORONAL- divides into anterior and posterior

ANATOMY • BODY DIRECTIONS • ANTERIOR/VENTRAL • POSTERIOR/DORSAL • SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR • CEPHALIC AND CAUDAL • PROXIMAL AND DISTAL • MEDIAL AND LATERAL

BODY CAVITIES • DORSAL (cranial and spinal) • VENTRAL • Thoracic- ends at diaphragm • Abdominal • Pelvic- mainly reproduction and excretion • abdominopelvic

Abdominal divisions • Right upper • Left upper • Right lower • Left lower

ABDOMEN AND THORAX REGIONS • RT AND LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC • EPIGASTRIC • RT AND LEFT LUMBAR • UMBILICAL • RT AND LEFT ILIAC • HYPOGASTRIC

PERITONEUM

PERITONEUM • Membrane • Parietal – outer • Visceral – inner • Mesentery • Retroperitoneal • Ascites – fluid in peritoneum

CYTOLOGY • DNA • GENES • MUTATION (somatic vs gametic) • Genetic disorders • Huntington’s disease • Cystic fibrosis • Hemophilia • Down syndrome

GENETIC DISORDER CONT • Sickle cell anemia • Tay sachs • Phenylketouria • Genetic vs congenital • Fetal alcohol syndrome • Cerebral palsy

WORD PARTS • OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY

PUTTING THEM TOGETHER • “o” IS COMMON COMBINING VOWEL • IF ENDS IN CONSONANT • IF COMBING TWO OR MORE ROOT WORDS • “o” NOT NEEDED IF SUFFIX BEGINS IN A VOWEL

SIMPLE COMBING FORMS • PREFIXES • OFTEN DENOTE TIME, LOCATION OR STATUS • Pre-, peri-, post- • A-: without • Ab-:away from • Eu: good • Dys-:bad

Prefixes cont. • Hyper-:above • Hypo-:below • Inter-:between • Intra-:within • Sub: below • Super- or supra-: beyond • Oligo-:few

PREFIXES CONT. • BODY SYSTEMS • OSTEO- BONES • ARTHRO- JOINTS • CHONDRO- CARTILAGE • MYO – MUSCLES • CARDIO-HEART • PHLEB- VEINS • ARTERIO- ARTERIES

BODY SYSTEMS PREFIXES • HEMA- OR HEMAT- BLOOD • SPLENO- SPLEEN • NAS-NOSE • PNUEMO-LUNGS • ORO-MOUTH • GASTRO-STOMACH • ENTERO-SMALL INTESTINE • COLO-LARGE INTESTINE

BODY SYSTEM PREFIXES • HEPATO-LIVER • NEPHR- OR REN- KIDNEYS • CYST-, VESSICO- URINARY BLADDER • NEUR- NERVOUS SYSTEM • ENCEPHAL-BRAIN • MYELO-SPINAL CORD • OPTHAL, OR OCUL- EYES • OT-, ACOUST- EARS

BODY SYSTEM PREFIXES • CUTAN-, DERMAT– SKIN • SEB- SEBACEOUS GLANDS • HIDR-SWEAT GLANDS • ORCH-TESTES • OOPHOR-, OVARI- OVARIES • HYSTER-, MET-, UTER- UTERUS

SUFFIXES • Often indicate procedure, disorder, or disease • Ectomy : to remove • Tonsillectomy • ac: pertaining to • -itis: inflammation of • - osis: abnormal condition

SUFFIXES CONT • - dynia, - algia: pain or suffering (cephalgia, gastrodynia • - malcia: abnormal softening (arteiomalacia) • - megaly: enlargement (hepatomegaly) • - necrosis: death (caessation necrosis – Tb) • - sclerosis: abnormal hardening (arteriosclerosis) • - stenosis: abnormal narrowing (pyloric stenosis)

SUFFIXES CONT • PROCEDURES • - centesis: fluid removal (amniocentesis) • - ectomy: removal • - graphy, - gram: picture (arteriography, pyelogram) • - plasty: to repair (rhinoplasty) • - scopy: visual exam (colonoscopy, endoscopy)

SUFFIXES • THE IMMPORTANT RR’S: • - rrhaphy: to suture (splenorrhaphy) • - rrhage: bursting forth (hemorrhage) • - rrhea: abnormal flow (diarrhea, amenorrhea) • - rrhexis: rupure (splenorrhexis)

BASIC MEDICAL TERMS • EPIDEMIOLOGY • SYMPTOM = SUBJECTIVE • SIGN, CLINICAL MANIFESTATION = OBJECTIVE • DIAGNOSIS • Differential • Prognosis

BASIC MEDICAL TERMS • DISEASE • CHRONIC VS ACUTE • SYNDROME = COMPILATION OF CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS • REMISSION – ABSENCE OF SYMPTOMS WITHOUT A CURE • EPIDEMIC VIS ENDEMIC, PANDEMIC • TRANSMISSION • INCUBATION PERIOD

BASIC MEDICAL TERMS • INFECTIOUS DISEASE • COMMUNICABLE • IDIOPATHIC • NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION • IATROGENCI DISORDER

CONFUSING WORD PARTS • ARTERIO- AND ATHERO- • ILEUM AND ILIUM • INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION • MUCOUS AND MUCUS • MYC-, MYEL-, AND MY- • -OSTOMY AND –OTOMY • PALPATION AND PALPITATION • PROSTATE AND PROSTRATE

CONFUSING WORD PARTS CONT • SUPPINATION AND SUPPURATION • PYELO-, PYO-, AND PYRO- • TRIAGE AND TRAUMA • VIRAL AND VIRILE

COLOR WORD PARTS • ERTYTH- RED (erythrocyte, erthroblastoma fetalis) • MELAN- WHITE (malignant melanoma, melanosis) • CYAN- BLUE (cyanosis, cyanotic) • LEUK-WHITE (leukocyte, leukemia) • POLI- GRAY (poliomyelitis) • 0

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY