Industrial Revolution

1. Industrial Revolution 1750-1914

2. What is it? A time of greatly increased output of machine-made goods drastically changing the way people lived and worked. Began in England but quickly spread through Europe and to the US

3. What caused it? • Agricultural Revolution • Enclosures: forced small farmers off land to create large farms • Done to increase production as population increased • Forced small farmers to the cities • Crop Rotation: rotation of crops to different fields each season produced higher crop amounts Overall more food gave way to more people creating demand for more of everything faster

4. Enclosure

5. Where did it start? • Began in England - mid 1700’s • Large population of workers due to Enclosure • Abundant Natural Resources • Water power • Coal and iron ore • Rivers for inland trade • Many harbors for international trade • Political/Economic Stability • isolated from European wars • Parliamentary system successful for 100’s of years • Parliament’s $ support of entrepreneurs • Financially successful colonies with abundant resources

6. England 1701 & 1911

7. Transportation Improvements • With greater need to move goods, transportation rapidly improved • Better roadways, canals, tunnels, etc. • Steam engine • Steam boats • Railroads • Extensive systems become necessity • Factory engines

8. Steam Engine

9. Fulton’s Steamboat

10. Locomotives

11. England’s Railroad System -1850

12. Industrialization • Growth of industrial cities • Factories for efficient production • Urbanization: rapid movement to cities • Poor living conditions • Small cities became too big too fast • Poor sanitary conditions • Insufficient housing, education, security • Air and water pollution

13. Urbanization

14. Urbanization

15. Living Conditions Tenements

16. Slums of Urbanization

17. Industrialization • Poor Working conditions • 14 hour days, 6 days/week, poor pay • Workers had to keep up with machines • Child Labor

18. Child Labor

19. Working Conditions

20. Class Tension • Rise of Middle Class • Upper Middle Class: Factory owners and merchants grew wealthy and influential in politics • Lower Middle Class: factory foremen, skilled tradesmen, supervisors lived comfortably • Poverty stricken working class replaces peasant class • Tension b/w classes builds • Aristocracy resents Upper Middle Class • Being pushed out of power • Workers resent Upper Middle Class • Gap between classes getting larger

21. Global Impact • Industrialization moved through Europe and to the US (West) • More demand for products created more demand for raw materials • Motivation for more colonization = IMPERIALISM • Global Inequality • Industrialized West vs. all the rest • Great economic and military inequalities • Transformation of Society • Great economic power of Europe • More wealth overall • Better opportunities for education and democracy

22. Classical Economics “Laissez-Faire “Dismal Science” • Business leaders encouraged gap between rich and poor • 1776- Adam Smith: urged “Natural laws of production and exchange to work freely in markets • LAISSEZ-FAIRE: “hands-off” economy • Promotion of CAPITALISM • “Manchester School” • Malthus/Riccardo: economic relationships autonomous & separable from gov’tor politics • Self-interest • Free markets • Gov’t ONLY preserve & secure life and property(Locke) • education/charity left to private initiatives • No tariffs • “iron law of wages” bare minimum

23. “ISMS” • Conscious espousal of a doctrine in competition with other doctrines • Not all new…many pre or enlightenment ideas becoming systematic. • i.e. those who believed in liberty were not called liberals until 18th century • To the “philosophy” of the Enlightenment added ACTIVISM and PARTISANSHIP generated from the French Revolution • Reconsider and analyze society as a whole

24. “ISMS” Liberalism (1819): emphasis on rights and liberties in a well-ordered, modern society; businessmen and professionals, not democrats Radicalism (1820): went to the “roots” of things; wanted total reconstruction of laws, courts, prisons, poor relief, municipal organization; DEMOCRATIC; supported by working class

25. “ISMS” Socialism(1832): public ownership of industrial production; “great captains of industry”; questioned private enterprise, favored communal ownership of productive assets: banks, factories, etc.; disliked competition; favored equal distribution of income; supported by working class; favored harmony, organization, association Conservatism(1835): upheld absolute monarchy, aristocracy, church and opposed republicans and liberals; goal to maintain “the thrones and the altars”;

26. “ISMS” Individualism(1830s): “moral with the individual”; exercise one’s goals and desires and so independence and self-reliance; “struggle for liberation” Constitutionalism(1830s): complex of ideas, attitudes and patterns of behavior elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of laws

27. “ISMS” Humanitarianism(1830s): heightened sense of the reality of cruelty inflicted upon others; product of Enlightenment thought Feminism(1830s): political and cultural movement; women’s rights in public and private; suffrage, civil rights, education, cultural life, “egalitarian”-universal rights in US and England

28. “ISMS” Monarchism(1830s): conservative and reactionary to liberals, radicals and republicans; maintain “the thrones and altars” Nationalism(1840s): political and cultural beliefs; stresses pride and importance on cultural similarities; in Eastern Europe politically motivated to unify against foreign rulers; led by intellectuals; volksgeist; began cultural and shifted towards political; secret societies

29. “ISMS” Communism(1840s): extreme form of socialism; elimination of private property and emergence of a classless society to be governed for the benefit of all not profit Capitalism(1850s): economic system where means of production are privately owned and operated for personal profit; decisions made by private actors in free market; profit distributed to owners who choose to invest; right to control private property; laissez-faire

30. “ISMS” Marxism(1840s): capitalism leads to oppression of the proletariat, who not only make up majority of worlds populace, but who spend lives working for the benefit of the bourgeoisie; proletariat revolution to reform and eliminate private property, thus social classes and govern for benefit of people not profit Romanticism(1840s): theory of literature and arts; nature as truth, relation of thought and feeling, meaning of past and time itself; value of feeling and reason; original and creative genius; volksgeist

31. “ISMS” Republicanism: minority; students, writers, “intelligentsia”, working class protesters; democratic values, universal suffrage; parliamentarians, anti-clerical; opposed monarchy and considered to be little better than anarchists.

32. “ISMS”Chart • In our groups: • Create a graphic organizer grouping the “isms” • Categorize, compartmentalize, organize them however you feel they belong • Focus on similarities and differences • LABEL YOUR CATEGORIES AND IDENTIFY KEY COMPONENTS or CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH “ISM” • Each group member must complete their own chart • Select one group member to turn in their copy of group chart • Be prepared to share!!!

33. CAPITALSIM • Capitalism: economic system in which money is invested in business ventures with goal of making a profit • Adam Smith- • father of modern capitalism • Economic liberty guaranteed economic progress • Malthus • Wars and epidemics necessary to reduce excess population- reduce number of poor • Ricardo • Permanent underclass always poor • Wages forced down as population increase = supply & demand

34. Socialism • Socialism: factors of production are owned by public and operate for the welfare of all • Government actively plans economy • Bentham: • UTILITARIANSIM: judge ideas, institutions and actions on the basis of their utility or usefulness • Government should provide the greatest good for the greatest amount of people • Karl Marx: • Believed that economic forces controlled society • Wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848) calling for “workers of the world unite” and overthrow the “bourgeoisie” • Radical socialism called Marxism • Gap between rich and poor too wide and will widen • More control over economy will reduce class conflict

35. Marxism

36. Marxism

37. Marxism

38. Marxism to Communism • Marx’s final phase would become… • COMMUNISM - complete form of socialism in which the means of production owned by the people • no private property • classless society • All goods and services shared equally

39. Communism • Marx’s ideas of communism didn’t have much appeal until 20th century • Lenin’s Russia • Mao’s China • Ho Chi Minh’s Vietnam • Castro’s Cuba • Most of Marx’s predictions never occurred proving that society is not just controlled by economic forces but also by religion, nationalism and political forces

40. Economic Reforms • Workers used their #’s and became more active in politics • Unions: voluntary worker’s associations • Collective Bargaining • Strikes • Reduction of Child Labor • Better working conditions and pay