M A P s Meaningful Applications of Physical Science Email: MAP@ScienceScene

2. M A Ps Meaningful Applications of Physical Science Email: MAP@ScienceScene.com

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4. A. Properties of light B. Absorption C. Reflection D. Refraction E. Application of the Properties of Light

5. A. Properties Of Light • 1. How Is A Radiometer Affected By Light? .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 • 2. Speed Of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 • 3. The Role Of Light In Seeing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 • 4. The Affect Of A Pinhole On Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 • 5. Properties Of Shadows . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 • 6. Representing The Behavior Of Light By Drawing Light Rays. . 25 • 7. A Model Of Light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 • A. What Is A Pulse? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 • B. What Are The Properties Of Pulses?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 • C. Light As Waves – Electromagnetic Radiation. . . . . . . . . . . 35 • D. Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

6. B. Absorption 1. Absorption Of Light Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2. Absorption Of Light Energy and the Greenhouse Effect . . . . . . . . . . 46

7. C. Reflection 1. How Do Things Appear In A Mirror? (Palindromes) . . . . . . 50 2. How Much Of Yourself Can You See In A Mirror? . . . . . . . . . 56 3. Where Is The Mirror Image?(Single Burning Candle, Double Burning Candle) . . . 61 4. How Does Light Reflect? (The Law) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Building The Ray Maker, Three Mirrors, Classroom Reflection Pin Reflection Game, Two Handled Mirror - Three Hands? Aquarium - Count The Strings Barber Pole Effect, Peppers Box, Infinity Box 5. How Does Light Reflect From A Non-shiny Surface? . . . . . . 71 6. How Do Curved Mirrors Reflect Light? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Concave Mirror and The Inverted Light bulb Circus Mirrors, Mirage (pick up the object)

8. D. Refraction 1. Transparent, Translucent And Opaque Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 2. How Does Light Change Direction When Refracted? . . . . . . . . 82 Ghost Crystals, Oil Immersion Oil, Plastic Rod, Pepsi Bottle Refraction 3. Laws Of Refraction (Plastic Block) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 4. Seeing Objects Through Transparent Materials? (Aquarium). . . . . 93 5. Spear Fishing, Mirages And Twinkling Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 6. Lenses - Magnifying Lens For Image Production (Pin Hole Camera Extension) A. Types Of Lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 B. Power And Focal Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 C. Eye Defects - Nearsightedness And Farsightedness . . . . . 123 D. How To Make A Telescope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

9. E. Application of the Properties of Light 1. Dark Suckers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 2. Transmitted Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Coiled Plastic Rod, Critical Angle demonstration, Fiber optics, Transmission of Sound by Modulation of Light Energy 3. Polarized light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

10. Thank You! We Had A Great Time

11. Naïve Ideas - Properties of light 1. Light is associated only with either a source or its effects. Light is not considered to exist independently in space; and hence, light is not conceived of as “traveling”. 2. The effects of light are instantaneous. Light does not travel with a finite speed. 3. An object is “seen” because light shines on it. Light is a necessary condition for seeing an object, but there is no recognition of anything that moves between the object and the eye. 4. Lines drawn outward from a light bulb in a sketch represent the “glow” surrounding the bulb. 5. A shadow is something that exists on its own. Light pushes the shadow away from the object to the wall or ground and is thought of as a “dark” reflection of the object 6. Light is not necessarily conserved. It may disappear or be intensified. 7. Light from a bulb only extends outward a certain distance, arc then stops. How far it extends depends on the brightness of the bulb. 7

12. How is a Radiometer Affected by Light? A radiometer consists of a set of vanes, each shiny on one side and blackened on the other, that is mounted in an evacuated vessel. When exposed to light, the vanes revolve. The first radiometer was constructed to settle the controversy regarding whether light exerts a force. The idea was that a reflecting surface would experience a greater force from the light than an absorbing one. Unexpectedly, the opposite effect was observed. The blackened vane retreated from the light source. We now know that the black surface is warmer than the shiny one and that gas molecules will recoil faster from the hot surface. The slight difference in molecule recoil is what causes the device to spin.

13. Speed Of Light Compared to the Speed of Sound BANG! Light: 3 x 108 meters per second or 186,000 miles per second Sound: 330 meters per second or 1100 feet per second. 1

14. See The Book 1

15. Spreading Light 0

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17. The affect of a pinhole on light 1 3

18. Pinhole Image 0

19. Characteristics Of Waves I. Characteristics Of A Wave A. Pulse:a single disturbance in a medium. B. Frequency:the number of occurrences of some event per unit of time. (example; the number of times the meter stick goes up and down in one minute.) C. Amplitude:the measurement of the distance the medium moves from the zero point to the maximum displacement. (example; the distance of the very end of the meter stick - from standing still to the farthest distance away from that zero position.) D. Wavelength:the distance along a wave front — from any starting point to the next successive starting point. (example; looking at a slinky in motion. Begin with the very beginning of a pulse to the very beginning of the next pulse.) E. Loudness:occurs with the addition of energy to the vibrating medium.

20. Five Basic Characteristics of Waves Wavelength Period = .5-sec. Amplitude Time = 1 sec Frequency = 2 Hz 1. Wavelength (l), is the distance from a point on a wave to the next point 2. Amplitude (A), is the maximum displacement. Amplitude indicates the loudness of a sound. 3. Period (t), is the time (in seconds) that it takes for a wave to travel one full wavelength. 4. Frequency (f), is the number of vibrations (waves) per second. This indicates the pitch of a sound. 5. Wave speed (V), is the rate the wave is traveling; the units of measurement are meters/sec. 9

21. FUNdamentals of Waves II.Components Of Light and Sound waves AEnergyis needed to form any Light or Sound wave. B Light waves are made by continuous succession of oscillating magnetic and electric fields. These fields travel as a wave, an EM (Electromagnetic) wave. C. Sound waves are made by the vibrations (moving back and forth) of the particles of an object. D. A mediumis NOT needed to transport the Light energy. E. A mediumis needed to transport the Sound energy. F. Waves are formed when energy is transported from one place to another. 8

22. FUNdamentals of Waves III. Three Types Of Waves A. Torsionalwaveswhen the disturbance occurs as a twisting effect in a plane that is perpendicular to the direction on the wave motion (examples: twisters, hurricanes, tornados). B. Longitudinalwaveswhen the disturbance occurs in the same direction of the wave motion. (examples: sound, people standing in line, cars taking off from one red light and coming to a stop at another red light.) C. Transversal waveswhen the disturbance occurs at right angles to the direction of the wave motion. (examples: water, light, radio, electromagnetic.) 7

23. Building a Wave Model 6

24. Wave Patterns 3 5 http://www.explorelearning.com/index.cfm?method=cResource.dspView&ResourceID=28

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26. Propagation of Light Energy 3

27. Wave Properties 2

28. Construction & Destructive Interference Constructive Interference Destructive Interference 1

29. EM Spectrum 0

30. Shadows Illumination Shadow Object Bulb Illumination Screen Illumination Shadow Object Bulb Illumination 1 3

31. Multiple Shadows FullIllumination PartialShadow Bulb FullShadow Object Bulb PartialShadow FullIllumination Screen 0 1

32. Absorption of Light Energy

33. Absorption of Energy and the Greenhouse Effect

34. Naïve Ideas - Reflection • 1. A mirror reverses everything. • For an observer to see an object it must be directly in front of the mirror. • The position of the observer is not important in determining whether the mirror image can be seen. • 4. An observer can see more of his or her mirror image by moving further back from the mirror. • 5. The mirror image of an object is located on the surface of the mirror. The image is thought of as a picture on a flat surface. • 6. A mirror’s image goes from the object to the mirror’s surface. The observer sees the image on the mirror surface which is reflected off the mirror. • 7. Light reflects from a shiny surface in an random manner. • 8. Light is reflected from smooth surface mirrors but not from non-shiny surfaces. • 9. Curved mirrors make everything distorted. 9

35. PalindromesWords and numbers that read the same forward as backward. Some Palindromes have symmetry. When a mirror is placed on the right, of the word, and perpendicular to the surface the word is read the same in the mirror as without the mirror. 1

36. MOM RACECAR. EVIL OLIVE. STEP ON NO PETS RISE TO VOTE, SIR DO GEESE SEE GOD? NEVER ODD OR EVEN. A DOG! A PANIC IN A PAGODA! A MAN, A PLAN, A CANAL -- PANAMA! DRAW, O CAESAR! ERASE A COWARD! NO, SIR, PANIC IS A BASIC IN A PRISON. GO HANG A SALAMI. I'M A LASAGNA HOG. STRESSED? NO TIPS ? SPIT ON DESSERTS. ARE WE NOT DRAWN ONWARD, WE FEW? DRAWN ONWARD TO NEW ERA? DOC, NOTE. I DISSENT. A FAST NEVER PREVENTS A FATNESS. I DIET ON COD Palindromes 0

37. Mirror Image 2

38. Single Candle Reflection 1

39. Double Candle Reflection 0

40. How Much of Yourself Can You See in a Mirror? Mirror 5 Two Questions: 1. How tall, compared to his actual height, is the man’s image in the mirror? 2. If the man mover two meters further from the mirror what will happen to his image? 1

41. How Much of Yourself Can You See in a Mirror? Mirror a 7.5-cm 180.0-cm b 90.0-cm 165.0-cm a b 82.5-cm 5 Two Questions: 1. How tall, compared to his actual height, is the man’s image in the mirror? 2. If the man mover two meters further from the mirror what will happen to his image? 0

42. Making Rays of light 5

43. Making Rays of light 4

44. Investigating The Law of Reflection 3

45. The Reflection Game Place a pin at the point labeled midpoint. This will hold the mirror in a vertical position to the cardboard and be used as a reference point. Looking at the protractor select any number along the outside and place the second pin at that point. Hold the cardboard at eye level. Move the cardboard until you discover the position that you can see the first and second pins lined up in the mirror. When the two pins appear to be lined up in the mirror adjust the third pin so that all three pins appear to be in a straight line and insert it into the cardboard at that point. Compare the number, on the protractor, of the first pin to the third pin. 2

46. Law of Reflection Outgoing Ray Of Light Incoming Ray Of Light Normal 4 Reflecting Surface 1

47. Law of Reflection R E F L E C T I V E S U R F A C E Incident Ray Angle of Incidence Normal A reference line drawn perpendicular to the surface at the point the light ray strikes Angle of reflection Reflected Ray 4 Angle of Incident = Angle of Reflection 0 Simulator the Light Laboratory

48. How does light reflect from a non-shiny surface? Regular & Diffuse Reflection Regular Reflection Diffuse Reflection

49. How Do Curved Mirrors Reflect Light? 3 3

50. How Do Curved Mirrors Reflect Light? Concave Mirror Convex Mirror 2