COLD WAR TIMELINE :

1. COLD WAR TIMELINE : EISENHOWER 1953-1961

2. What was the name given to developing nations in the Cold War (where the Super Powers competed for influence) ? THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES

3. Who became leader of the Soviet Union in 1953 ? Khrushchev

4. 1953:Eisenhower inaugurated as President of the United States 1953:Khrushchevbecame the new Soviet leader after Stalin’s death ; leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. He was First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 and Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 1958 to 1964. Nikolay Bulganinwas a prominent soviet politician, who served as Minister of Defense (1953-55) and Prime Minister (1955-58).

5. President Dwight D. Eisenhower • greatest asset = his enjoyment of the affection and respect of the American people • greatest contribution = his sense of the limitations of American power

6. Nuclear Arms Race 1952 : US detonates the first Hydrogen bomb

7. 1953 : Atoms for Peace speech Proposal for international regulation of Nuclear weapons and energy

8. M.A.D. = Mutually Assured Destruction Does Eisenhower think MAD is enough to stop destructive uses of the atom? • No he proposes international control

9. What does Eisenhower propose as possible solutions to the threat nuclear science posed to the world in 1953? Get the countries “principally involved” (US and USSR) to commit to using atomic technology for purely peaceful purposes

10. How? Put the world’s atomic stockpiles “into the hands of those who will know how to strip its military casing and adapt it to the arts of peace.”

11. Which means : • Require both US and USSR to • eventually abandon their nuclear arsenals

12. AND hand over the secrets of the atom (freely share nuclear technology)

13. AND • turn over the uranium and other bomb making materials • to a UN body (Create an IAEA) • who would apply it to commercial power generation, agriculture and medicine

14. Actions taken as a result of his speech: • Creation of the IAEA • Under the Atoms for Peace program countries that renounced nuclear weapons development were given research reactors and other nuclear technologies.

15. Results of the actions taken as a result of Eisenhower’s speech : 1. What was supposed to be benevolent gestures turned into another form of competition as the US and USSR began rewarding their friends with what became an international status symbol - research reactors

16. 2. There was very little policing of what those countries did with the reactors; sometimes those programs became the training ground for weapons scientists who in some instances produced bomb-making materials.

17. 3. Some blame the Atoms for Peace program for what seems like the inevitable spread of nuclear weapons into hostile hands today

18. Who was Eisenhower’s Secretary of State and main foreign policy advisor who announces a new more aggressive military policy called Massive Retaliation ? John Foster Dulles

19. John Foster Dulles • Eisenhower’s secretary of state • 1954: announced a new policy to “massive retaliation” • threatening the use of nuclear weapons to counter communist aggression • Use of covert operations • Brinksmanship

20. 1954: The New Look • supported military budget cuts • Reducing armed forces • greater reliance on air power and the deterrent power of nuclear weapons • Build up SAC (strategic air command) • Dulles said this would be less costly • called for “open skies” over both the United States and the Soviet Union

21. What was the proposal by Eisenhower for the US and USSR to be allowed to fly reconnaissance missions over each other’s countriesthat was rejectedby the Soviet Union called ? 1955:“OPEN SKIES” PROPOSAL

22. What was the Soviet response to NATO which was a military alliance of the Soviet Union and the communist countries of Eastern Europe ? 1955:Warsaw Pact

23. Albania(until 1968) Poland Hungary East Germany Romania Czechoslovakia Bulgaria

24. Thaws in the Cold War • Thaw = reduction in tensions between US and USSR; hope for use of diplomacy / negotiations to solve Cold War problems • 1953 : the death of the Soviet dictator Stalin • 1955-56:Peaceful Co-existence • Khrushchev speaks of “peaceful co-existence” between US and USSR • denounces Stalin as a brutal dictator (1955) • 1955 : the end of Soviet military occupation of Austria • 1955: Geneva Summit • the meeting of Eisenhower with the Soviet premier, (Brinkley) Nikolai Bulganin OR (Bailey) Nikita Khrushchev

25. 1956: The Hungarian Uprising • Hungary attempts to break away from the Soviet Bloc • Revolts against continued domination by the Soviet Union • Soviets send in troops • UN unable to take action because of the Soviet veto power • US did nothing to help Hungary break free of Soviet control • did nothing to help to defeat the communists

26. 1958: Another Berlin Crisis • When Nikita Khrushchev insisted that the NATO powers abandon their hold on West Berlin, he declined to force the issue when the United States and its allies refused

27. In the 1950s and early 1960s SPACE RACE the U.S. trailed the Soviet Union in launching a: satellite into space man into space man to orbit the globe

28. 1957: Sputnik • Soviets launch into orbit the world’s first satellite – Sputnik I • Resulted in fears of an alleged “missile gap” • Eisenhower remarked that this event should not cause “one iota” of concern • Reflecting a father-knows-best attitude toward the Soviet “gimmick” • A month later the Soviets launch Sputnik II – “muttnik”

29. 1958: U.S Reaction to Sputnik • National Defense Education Act • Provides funds to strengthen science , math and foreign language to help the US compete with the Soviet Union • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) • Billions of dollars to missile development • Manned space program

30. 1959: Khrushchev visits United States • The two leaders agree that future disputes should be settled not by force but by peaceful means

31. 1960: U-2 Incident • American U-2 spy plane piloted by Gary Powers shot down over Soviet Air Space • Soviet Union shot down a U-2 aircraft over its country • gave Khrushchev pretext needed to break off the Paris summit discussions concerning Berlin • 1960 Paris summit conference aborted • Ended the period of peaceful co-existence

32. What are secret activities by the CIA designed to undermine governments considered unfriendly to the American interests called ? COVERT OPERATIONS

33. CIA • Central Intelligence Agency • Est. by National Security Act of 1947 • Collects info • Conducts secret operations • Protect U.S. national security • During Cold War • Espionage & covert operations • To weaken & overthrow unfriendly govt’s

34. Covert Operations • Examples during the Cold War : • Iran MIDDLE EAST (1953) • Guatemala LATIN AMERICAN (1954) • Vietnam ASIA (1954) • Congo AFRICA (1960) • During the 1950s, the Central Intelligence Agency engineered pro-American political coups in both Iran and Guatemala

35. LATIN AMERICA RELATIONS Cold War Era EISENHOWER

36. Latin American Relations • anger toward the United States had intensified because of • extended massive aid to Europe and little to Latin America • continued to intervene in Latin American affairs • support of bloody dictators who claimed to be fighting communism

37. 1954 : Guatemala • the CIA-directed coup

38. 1959: Cuba • Fidel Castro overthrew Fulgencio Batista, the dictator of the regime • the United States • at first saw him as a welcome replacement • cut back the quota of Cuban sugar that could be exported to the United States at a favored price • severed diplomatic relations with Castro when he became too friendly with the Soviet Union

39. Middle East Relations Cold War Era EISENHOWER

40. Israel • support for the establishment of the state of Israel • President Truman • humanitarian sympathy for Jewish survivors of the Holocaust • preempt Soviet influence in the Jewish state • support of American Jewish voters) • objected to the establishment of the state of Israel • the Arab states • --------------------------------------------- • America’s European allies • the U.S. State Department • the U.S. Defense Department (all of the above afraid to antagonize the oil-endowed Arabs)

41. 1953:the use of the CIA to help stage a coup to overthrow the nationalists Prime Minster of Iran and replace him with a pro-American leader • Replaced Mossedegh w/ Shah Reza Pahlavi • 1956:Egypt • US withdrawal of offers to build the Aswan Dam across the Nile as punishment fro friendliness toward the Soviet Union • support for Egypt’s nationalization of the Suez Canal • Gamal Abdel Nasser • 1957:Eisenhower Doctrine - US aid to Middle East to combat spread of communism • 1958: the landing of marines at Beirut to protect the existing regime from a possible coup

42. 1956 : The Suez Crisis • The U.S. • refused to support the British, French, and Israelis in the Suez Canal invasion • condemned Britain and France as the aggressors • feared that the Arab nations would become allies of the Soviet Union • marked the last time in history that the United States could use its “oil weapon” to make foreign policy demands

43. 1957: Eisenhower Doctrine • a change in US foreign policy from massive retaliation (the quest to end communism) to the more realistic policy of containment similar to Truman’s policy • economic and military aid to nations of the Middle East that wanted help to resist communist aggression