Cold War

1. Cold War A diplomatic, economic, and ideological struggle between the Soviet Union and United States from W.W. II to the collapse of Soviet communism in 1991.

2. Nonalignment • Bandung generation • Third world—not tainted by either capitalist, imperialist west, or communist, dictatorial east • Nonaligned—neutral in the Cold War, often play both sides, powerful in U.N. general assembly—example, Gamal Abdel Nassar of Egypt, Nehru of India, Nkrumah of Ghana

3. Major terms • Bipolar—the division of the much of the world into two major camps—the Soviets and their allies (The East) and the U.S. and her allies. Communism vs. democracy and capitalism • First, and Second —U.S. Western Europe —capitalist, usually highly industrialized, anti-communist; the Soviets and allies—socialists, welfare states, industrialized • Third World—underdeveloped, newly independent, nonaligned • Friction within— • Place of U.N.?

4. Post war growing distrust • Iron curtain—eastern Europe, Poland?, Berlin and German • Containment—Kennan, Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan • Berlin Airlift, NATO, and WARSAW PACT • Berlin Wall 1961

5. Cold War in Asia • Fall of China to Mao 1949 • Korean War 1950 • Fall of Vietnam to Ho Chi Minh 1954 • Domino theory, SEATO • Vietnam war 1954-1975

6. Cold War in the Middle East • Suez crisis of 1956 • Nassar sell cotton for arms to Soviets • American withdraw support for Aswan Dam project • Nassar nationalizes Suez • British, French, Israelis invade • U.S. and Soviets contemn attack, forces withdrawal through U.N.—U.N. peacekeepers in Sinai • Success for Nassar—establishes independence respect in third world, failure of bipolar diplomacy • Eisenhower Doctrine—Cold War expands to ME—U.S. will aid nations faced with communists threat

7. Cold War in Americas • Caribbean—American lake • Castro to power in 58 • Decline of U.S. Soviet relations • Bay of Pigs 1961 • Cuban missile crisis – brink of nuclear exchange • Cuba exports the revolution to Latin America and Africa • Nicaragua and other right wing govt., but anti-communist supported by U.S.—CIA, funds to Contras, Alliance for Progress

8. Asia in the Mix • Sino Soviet Affairs 1. Political rivalries 2. ideological differences 3. Historic border disputes 4. Competition for allies • U.S. Chinese relations 1. U.S. recognition of Taiwan 2. Ping-pong diplomacy-1971, Nixon visits Feb.72 3. Why?-Zhou realizes hated by both superpowers, we realize the value of a split communist world and economic opportunities 4. Tiananmen Square--1989

9. U.S. Soviet Relations • Have been through periods of freeze and thaw • Often negotiating on nuclear disarmament or some area of mutual concern while fighting a proxy war somewhere else • Periods—cold war 1948-1963 • Peaceful coexistence– Khrushchev predicts that peaceful competition would lead to the ultimate triumph of societies with ideological differences—Mao refers to this a revisionism— accuses Khrushchev of being weak on the West • Détente—recognition of superpowers of the ideological differences, but mutual interests • Communism collapse

10. Eastern Europe • “Little Stalins”—soviet satellites • Tito—”different roads to socialism” • Poland and Hungary uprisings to break with Soviets—1956 • Invasion of Czechoslovakia, 1968 1. liberalization—”socialism with a human face” 2. “Prague Spring” 3. invasion—Brezhnev Doctrine • Impact of Grobachev 1. Poland and Solidarity –Lech Walesa 2. Czechoslovakia and the Velvet Revolution • Tragedy of Yugoslavia

11. Nuclear Age • The bomb • MAD • Cuban missile crisis • Nuclear test ban treaty • Non proliferation treaty • SALT—Nixon, Brezhnev limits to ICBMs and ABMs—1972 • Snags and stalls • Build up by Reagan and Bush and “Star Wars” • Start and INF—strategic arms reduction talks and Intermediate nuclear force—medium range—reduction of missiles and destroying of missiles • Problems today—not all in compliance, rouge states, complexity of “weapons of mass destruction”

12. Collapse of Communism • Gorbachev 1985 • Glasnost and perestroika—openness and restructuring • 1990 Balkan vote independence • 1989 Berlin wall comes down • Poland, Lech Walesa and Solidarity • The rest follow • Why? Cost of arms race, failure of central planned economies, lack of consumer goods, repression, power of nationalism