COLD WAR

1. COLD WAR TRUMAN TO NIXON

2. RESULTS OF WW2: • 1. Death toll • 2. Nuclear Age US=superpower • 3. Re-alignment of world powers • 4. Onset of the Cold War • 5. European/Asian Destruction • 6. Divided Germany (lasted for over 40 years) • 7. Occupation of Eastern Europe by Soviet Union. • 8. Beginning of modern Civil Rights movement. • 9. National debt sky-rocketed to new levels. $250,000,000 • 10. “GI Bill of Rights”—Servicemen’s Readjustment Act • 11. Holocaust

3. TRUMAN AND CONTAINMENT • POST WW2 • US and Soviet Relations • Capitalism v. Communism • Soviet distrust • Organizations created • IMF • International Bank for Reconstruction • UN • Nuremberg Trials “War Crimes” Tribunal • 21 Nazi leaders • 1947 Taft-Hartley • Labor-Management Relations Act • Containment Policy—”Truman Doctrine” (George Kennan) • 1947 Marshall Plan • Economic recovery for Europe • European Community—Common Market—European Union • $12.5 Billion

4. TRUMAN’S DOMESTIC POLICIES • 1947 Presidential Succession Act • New order of succession: VP, Spkr. of the House, Pres. Pro Temp, Cabinet Depts. • 1947 Civil Rights Commission Report • Called For: • Federal Laws to protect voting rights • End segregation on public transportation • Lynching a Fed. crime • Create Fair Employment Practices Committee • Results: • Truman endorsed it. • Congress rejected it. • HT used Pres. Order: Desegregated the military/ Fed. Hiring practices • 1947 National Security Act • Department of Defense--Sec. of Defense • Created Joint Chiefs of Staff/established the Air Force. • National Security Council created. • Established the CIA • Atomic Energy Commission • 1948 Berlin Crisis/Iron Curtain • 1948 Selective Service System • Men 19-25 • 2 yrs. Active duty • Lasted until 1973

5. ELECTION OF 1948 • Candidates: • Split in Democratic Party: • Issues: • Results: • Trivia: • TRUMAN’S 2ND TERM • Domestic Issues: • 1949 The Fair Deal • 1949 New Red Scare • Alger Hiss Case • Dennis v. US, 1949. • McCarran Internal Security Act • 1950 McCarthy Hearings • 1951 Rosenberg Trial • 1952 McCarran-Walter Act

6. FOREIGN AFFAIRS • By end of 1949 the Containment Policy appeared to be failing • 1949 NATO created • 1949 “Point 4” program announced. • 1950 Korean War starts: • June 24—North Korean troops crossed the 38N parallel invaded South Korea. • June 25—UN Security Council voted to defend S. Korea. (passed because Soviet delegate was boycotting the UN because the UN would not seat Communist China) • American troops under UN command—Gen. Douglas MacArthur appointed UN Commander-in Chief. • Sept. 10-- UN forces retreat to Pusan. • Sept. 15—MacArthur lands at Inchon. • Oct. UN forces drive N. Korean army north of 38th parallel and eventually reach Yalu River. MacArthur asks permission to invade China—denied. • Nov. 26—Communist Chinese troops invade N. Korea, UN troops pushed back to Seoul by Jan. 1951 • Spring 1951 UN troops push N. Korean troops back to 38th parallel • MacArthur requests the use of tactical nuclear weapons against Chinese positions—denied. • MacArthur questions Truman’s leadership. • April 1951—Truman relieves MacArthur of his command

7. June 1951– Peace talks begin/ war is stalemated/ Gen. Matt Ridgeway new Cmdr. • Nov. 1952– US explodes first Hydrogen Bomb • ELECTION OF 1952 • Candidates: • Issues: • Results: • Eisenhower’s 1st Term • 1953 Korean War ends • Apr. 1953—”Operation Little Switch” • May 1953—US threatened atomic bomb unless peace talks pick up • July 1953—Armistice signed @ Panmunjon • “New Look” foreign policy • Sec. of State John Foster Dulles—aimed at “rolling back” Communist gains, use military not economic incentives, relied on “Massive Retaliation”, --Brinkmanship • 1953—USSR detonates H-Bomb • Critics called ‘brinkmanship” M A D “Mutually Assured Destruction”

8. IKE’S FIRST TERM CONTINUED • 1953 Problemsin Southeast Asia • Vietnam • Aid to France • Battle of Dienbienphu-1954 • Geneva Conference • 1954 The Formosa Crisis • Dispute between China and Taiwan (Nationalist China) over 2 islands. • Ike ordered in US fleet • Sec. of State Dulles brokered a cease-fire • Creation of SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) • Also ANZUS—Australia, New Zealand, US • CENTO—Iran, Pakistan • 1953-1956 Relations with Europe • Minor “Thaw” in the Cold War • End of Korean War • Death of Stalin—internal power struggle more of concern to USSR • 1955 Geneva “Summit Conference” • USA, GB, Fr., USSR • “Open Skies” proposal • Russian occupation of Austria ends.

9. Ike’s Presidency continued • 1954 Paris Agreement—USA, GB, Fra.-- Unified West Germany • 1954 St. Lawrence Seaway—joint project US/Canada, completed 1959. • 1956 Hungarian Revolt • Anti-communist uprising (Oct. 23-Nov. 4) • Rebels called for US aid—received none • Soviet army crushed the revolt. • 1956 Suez Crisis Causes: Steps of the crisis: Results of the crisis: DOMESTIC ISSUES 1954-1958 “Eisenhower Prosperity” 1954 Minimum wage increased to $1.00 1954-56 Civil Rights Brown v. Board of Education, 1954. • Montgomery Bus boycott—Rosa Parks • SCLC organized by Martin Luther King 1956 Elvis Presley appears on Ed Sullivan Show

10. 1st TERM Domestic Policies continued • 1955 Eisenhower’s first heart attack • 1955 AFL-CIO merger—labor’s way of combating Taft-Hartley • Largest labor union in history. • 1955 Jonas Salk –Polio Vaccine • 1955 Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare created. (HEW) • Should government provide polio vaccine to all schools? • Sec. of HEW—no!! Socialized medicine through backdoor • 1956 Agricultural Adjustment Act • “Soil Bank”—solve surplus crop problem • 1956 McDonald’s Corporation—San Diego, Ray Kroc • Revolutionized “fast food” industry • ELECTION OF 1956 • Candidates • Issues • Results

11. IKE’S 2ND TERM • Major events of his 2nd term: • FOREIGN AFFAIRS • “Eisenhower Doctrine” • Spread of Communism into the Near and Middle East • US troops to Lebanon 1958 • 1957 “Space Race” begins • USSR launched Sputnik I –1957 • Sputnik II • Results: • 1958 Berlin Crisis—Nikita Khrushchev • USSR demands all NATO troops out of Berlin or Russian army will be sent in. WW3?? • Eisenhower invites Khrushchev to Camp David • 1958-1961 Problems with Latin America • Nixon’s “Goodwill Tour”-nightmare, why?? • 1959 Cuban Revolution • Fidel Castro overthrows US backed Fulgencio Batista • 1960— Castro announces he is a communist after appearing on Jack Paar’s Tonight Show. • 1960 U2 Affair • USSR announced they shot down US spy plane • US denied it • USSR displays wreckage—US says it was weather plane • USSR displays pilot Francis Gary Powers • US finally admits it. • Results

12. DOMESTIC ISSUES • 1957 Civil Rights Act of 1957 • 1957 Little Rock School Crisis • 1960 Civil Rights Act 1960 • 1960 First “Sit-In” demonstration • 1960 SNCC created • 1956 Federal Highway Act • 1958 Recession of 1958 • 1958 Sherman Adams’ Scandal • 1959 Alaska and Hawai’i join the Union • 1959 Landrum-Griffin Labor Reform Act • 1961 Eisenhower’s Farewell Address

13. THE VIETNAM ERA 1960-1974 • THE ELECTION OF 1960 • Candidates: Issues: Results: • Trivia/significance: • MAJOR EVENTS OF KENNEDY’S ADMINISTRATION 1961-1963 • DOMESTIC ISSUES: • Inaugural Address: • 1961-1963 Civil Rights Movement • 1960-61: Freedom Rides • Freedom Now • 1962 FHA Executive Order • 1962 Integration of University of Mississippi • 1963 Birmingham Police Riot • 1963 Kennedy’s Civil Rights Speech • 1963 “March on Washington” • 1963 Integration of other Southern Universities.

14. DOMESTIC ISSUES CONTINUED: • 1961—23rd Amendment ratified • 1962-63 “Judicial Activism” era Warren Court • 1962 Engle v. Vitale—school prayer • 1963 Gideon v. Wainwright—right to an attorney • 1963 Mapp v. Ohio—exclusionary rule of evidence • 1963 Miranda v. Arizona– right to remain silent • 1964 Reynolds v. Sims– “one man, one vote” Size of Congressional Districts the same. • 1962 Food and Agriculture Act • 1961-63 Recall of Silver Certificates • 1962 Trade Expansion Act • 1962 Congressional Elections • 1963 New Frontier Programs • 1963 The Steel Settlement • FOREIGN AFFAIRS • 1961-1963 Space race continued

15. Space race— • Jan. 1961 US Chimp into space • Apr. 1961 Yuri Gagarin orbits earth. • May 1961 Alan Shepard 15 min. spaceflight (Project Mercury) • May 1961 JFK announces plans to land man on the moon by 1969. • 1961 Gherman Titov 17 orbits • July 1961 Gus Grissom suborbital flight, capsule sank on impact • Feb. 1962 John Glenn 3 orbits • May 1963 Project Mercury ended • 1961 Peace Corps created • 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion • 1961 Dealings with Russia • 1961 Alliance for Progress • 1961-1963 Southeast Asia • 1961 US sent 15,000 advisors to Viet Nam • 1962 US sent advisors into Laos • 1963 Coup d’etat in Saigon– Ngo Diem assassinated • Oct. 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis • 1963 US-USSR Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed

16. 1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty • Nov. 22, 1963 Kennedy assassinated • Warren Report • Lyndon Johnson becomes President of the United States.

17. JOHNSON’S FIRST TERM 1963-1965 • Domestic Issues: • Civil Rights Movement • “Freedom Summer”—voters registration drive • 24th Amendment • Civil Rights Act 1964 • 1964 “War on Poverty” Program • Taxes • Job Corps • “Vista” • Appalachia Bill • Warren Court continues • Impeach Warren movement

18. FOREIGN AFFAIRS • Space Race 1963-1965 • Russia launches 3 man capsule • Aleksey Leonov “walk in space” • Panama Crisis 1964 • Viet Nam War Expands 1964 • Gulf of Tonkin incident Aug. • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Election of 1964 • Candidates • Issues • Results • Importance • Johnson’s 2nd Term 1965-1969 • Domestic Issues • “Great Society” programs

19. Johnson’s 2nd Term • 25th Amendment • Civil Rights Movement • Assassination of Black Leaders • Voting Rights Act • Civil Rights Act 1968 Foreign Affairs: • US takes lead in Space Race • Intervention in Santo Domingo • Nuclear Proliferation Treaty • 1965-1968—Vietnam War Escalates • Operation Rolling Thunder 1965 • Public Opinion • Jan 1968 Tet Offensive • My Lai massacre • Public opinion turns against LBJ, almost loses NH primary • RFK announces his candidacy for president-anti-war platform • June 5, 1968—RFK assassinated.

20. FOREIGN AFFAIRS CONT’D • Mar. 1968 LBJ’s “Broadcast to America” • USS Pueblo incident • 6 Day War Israel v. Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Lebanon • Soviet Union invades Czechoslovakia • THE ’60S • Music: Mo Town, British Invasion, California BeachMusic, Protest songs, Woodstock Music Festival • Counter-Culture • Hippies • Election of 1968 • Candidates • Problem with Democratic Party • Issues • Campaign • Results • Importance

21. Richard Nixon’s Presidency 1st term • Foreign Affairs: • Man Landed on the Moon July 20, 1969 • Vietnam War continued • “Vietnamization” Program announced • The Cambodian Incursion • Kent State • Jackson State • Pentagon Papers published • Sec. of State Kissinger’s “Peace at Hand” 1972 • Escalation of the war Nov. 1972 -- Détente with USSR/China -- Visit to China-- Mao -- SALT I Treaty with Soviets-- Brezhnev

22. Nixon’s First Term (continued) Domestic Issues: Nixon and the Supreme Court Roe v. Wade, 1971. Environmental Crusade “Silent Spring” Rachel Carson 1st Earth Day— April 22 26th Amendment Revenue Sharing Program 1971 Economic Policy Causes: Policies Assassination attempt on George Wallace Watergate Scandal begins (June 1972) Election of 1972 Candidates, Issues, Results

23. NIXON’S 2ND TERM 1973-1974 • FOREIGN AFFAIRS: • Nixon visited Russia May 1973 • Nixon visited China Feb. 1973 • Peace talks intensify in Paris • Jan 27, 1973—Vietnam War ends Paris Peace Accord • Yom Kippur War Oct. 1973 • Arab Oil Embargo OPEC • DOMESTIC ISSUES: • Draft ended • The War Powers Act • Watergate scandal widened • Justice Dept. investigation of Nixon’s presidency • VP Spiro Agnew resigns Oct. 1973 • Gerald Ford appointed VP. • Special Prosecutor appointed “Saturday Night Massacre” • House Hearings—3 counts of impeachment passed • Aug 8, 1974-- Nixon resigns • Gerald Ford sworn in as the new president.

24. FORD’S PRESIDENCY • Domestic events: • Appointed Nelson Rockefeller as VP • Pardoned Nixon of all federal crimes he committed or may have committed as president • 1974—Draft Amnesty announced • Inflation reached 12%--vetoed 50 spending bills designed to stimulate the economy—”WIN” • March– IU defeats Michigan to win its 4th NCAA title • US Bicentennial celebration—July 4, 1976 • Foreign Affairs • April 1975—South Vietnam falls • May 1975—Mayaguez Incident • Helsinki Accords • ELECTION OF 1976 • Candidates, Issues, Results