Making Sure You have a topic

1. Making Sure You have a topic • Has it been approved by the Science Team? • Can you research it? • Is it worded correctly?

2. TURNING YOUR TOPIC INTO 3 SUBQUESTIONS Sample question: How does diet affect a person with ADHD? What is ADHD?

3. Before you write a draft.. • You need to understand how to • Paraphrase • Cite Authors • Write Notecards

4. How Do I Paraphrase? • Summarize (compress/shrink down) in your own words  • Translate and rewrite what the author is saying·      

5. Why do I have to paraphrase? • It is helpful to paraphrase, or summarize, your research on the index cards while you are taking notes. If you are consistent in paraphrasing at this stage, then you will be certain not to accidentally plagiarize someone else's work. You will also have less work to do when you are actually writing the paper.

6. Example of a Paraphrase • Original Text(from James C. Stalker, “Official English or English Only”) “ We cannot legislate the language of the home, the street, the bar, the club, unless we are willing to set up a cadre of language police who will ticket and arrest us if we speak something other than English” (21). • Paraphrase Stalker points out that in a democracy like the United States, it is not feasible to have laws against the use of a language and it certainly would not be possible to make police enforce such laws in homes and public places (21). Example taken from Pocket Keys for Writers by Ann Raimes

7. What if I don’t paraphrase? • ITS PLAGIARISM!!!  • It's like lip-synching to someone else's voice and accepting the applause and rewards for yourself.  • IF YOU PLAGIARIZE, YOU WILL FAIL!!! …any time you take a writer’s words and use them as your own, you are plagiarizing 

8. What about a direct quote? • QUOTE Use quotation marks “    “ to show EXACTLY what the author was saying • (Do NOT use more than 4 lines)  • Include Author’s Last Name and Page Number on which you found the information, directly after the quote • For example,    According to Hughes, “poetry rocks!” (Hughes, p. 2)

9. What is a Citation? • When you bring research (quotations, paraphrases, facts, statistics, etc.) into your paper, you must give credit to the source and its author(s). • Giving credit to a source is also called citing a source. • You do this with in-text or parenthetical citations. They are called parenthetical citations because the bibliographic information goes inside parentheses.

10. What Are Sources? • A source is what you turn to for information about your topic. • A source can include any of the following: • a book • a magazine or newspaper article • a scholarly journal article • a film, television show, or radio program • a web site • a personal interview • They generally fall under print sources, non-print sources, and electronic sources.

11. What to Cite • Quotations: Someone else’s exact words, enclosed in quotation marks. • The ideas, opinions, and theories of someone else—even if you restate them in your own words in a paraphrase or summary. • Facts and statistics—unless they are common knowledge and are accessible in many sources.

12. Quoting • When you quote, you borrow an author’s exact words. • Use a quotation when… • the wording is so memorable or expresses a point so well that you cannot improve or shorten it without weakening it; • when the author is a respected authority whose opinion supports your own ideas; • when an author challenges or disagrees profoundly with others in the field.

13. MLA DOCUMENTATION • There are many different ways to cite sources on your “Works Cited” page, depending on whether your source is a book, an article, a web page, etc. • You are not expected to memorize each way; you are expected to know how to find the format you need for your particular source. • Once you find the format, follow it to the letter. Do not add information not in the example • The following is an example of a “Works Cited” page. (On the left is the name of the kind of source; this is only to help you in the presentation and does not appear on your “Works Cited” page.)

14. Works Cited Allende, Isabel. “An Act of Vengeance.” Trans. E.D. Carter, Jr. Literature and Its Writers. Eds. Ann Charters and Samuel Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2001. 66-71. Center for Reformation and Renaissance Studies. Ed. Laura E. Hunt and William Barek. May 1998. U of Toronto. 11 May 1999 <http://citd.scar/index.html>. “The Decade of the Spy.” Newsweek 7 Mar. 1994: 26-27. Hallin, Daniel C. “Sound Bite News: Television Coverage of Elections, 1968-1988.” Journal of Communication 49.2 (1992): 5-24. Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1980. work from an anthology with a translator on-line professional site anon. article in a magazine article in a journal that pages issues separately book two authors

15. Works Cited Navarro, Mireya. “Bricks, Mortar, and Coalition Building.” New York Times 13 July 2001: A1+. Russo, Michelle Cash. “Recovering from Bibliographic Instruction Blahs.” RQ: Research Quarterly 32 (1992): 178-83. Infotrac: Magazine Index Plus. CD-Rom. Information Access. Dec. 1993. Sidel, Ruth. On Her Own: Growing Up in the Shadow of the American Dream. New York: Penguin, 1990. Spanoudis, Steve. Poet’s Corner. 2 Feb. 1998. 4 Feb. 1998 <http://www. geocities.com/~spanoudi/poems>. Zacharias, Peter. Personal Interview. 23 Nov. 2001. article in a newspaper journal article with continuous pagination (from a database) book one author on-line professional site with author interview

16. Writing NOTECARDS • So, what goes on the Note Card??  • At the top of your notecard, is your subquestion. • If you have 3 subquestions, you will have 3 piles of notecards throughout your research!!!! • Paraphrased information: Each idea should be paraphrased (summarized in your own words), and written on a card.

17. Can I start writing notecards? • Do I have enough sources? (4 sources, 1 must be a book)

18. Sample Notecard • What is ADHD? • “Direct quote about ADHD.” (Smith 98) • Paraphrased information about ADHD (Jones 4) • **Each point that you have, needs a citation with the Author’s last name and the page you found it from**

19. Notecard Process • 1- Need to have accurate sources • 2 –Need to have clear subheadings or questions (3 to 4 subquestions necesssary) • 3 -Put one subquestion on each notecard(3 to 4 notecard piles) • 4 -ONCE YOU HAVE all of the above, you can begin paraphrasing your information on notecards • 5 - Organize the notecards into the appropriate piles

20. Notecard Writing Workshop • For the next several days, you will be compiling your notecards, paraphrasing your information, and dividing all your notecards in the appropriate categores.

21. Now that I have all my notecards, what do I do? • Getting started... Arrange your note cards into their most  logical order. 
 •  Construct an outline---a writing plan  • Search for any additional information     needed to develop thesis

22. WRITING PROCESS • 1. Developing your introduction-    • 2.  Writing the body-  • 3.  Writing the conclusion-      • 4.  Revising-  • 5.  Proofreading and Editing-  • 6.  MLA Documentation-