Reporting Category 6

1. Reporting Category 6

2. Development of Social Patterns Hereditary Rulers: Dynasties of Kings, Pharaohs Rigid Class Systems where slavery was accepted

3. Development of Political Patterns • World’s first states were city-states, kingdoms, and empires • Development of a centralized government, often based on religious authority (Pharaohs) • Written codes of Law: • Ten Commandments • Code of Hammurabi

4. Development of Economic Patterns • Use of metals for tools and weapons (bronze, iron, etc.) • Agricultural Surplus: better tools, plows, & irrigation • Increased trade along rivers & seas (Phoenicians) • Development of the world’s first cities • Development of slavery within most cultures in the ancient world

5. Social structure in the Greek polis • Citizens (free adult males) had political rights and the responsibility of civic participation in government • Women & foreigners had no political rights • Slaves had no political rights

6. ATHENS SPARTA • Stages of Athenian government: • Monarchy, Aristocracy, Tyranny, & Democracy • Tyrants who worked for reform: • Solon & Draco • Origin of Democratic Principles: • Direct Democracy, Public Debates, Civic Duties of Citizens • Oligarchy (rule by a small group) • Rigid Social structure • Slaves were called Helots • Militaristic & Aggressive Society Differing social structures in Greece

7. SOCIAL CLASSESS CITIZENSHIP • Patricians: Aristocrats • Wealthy landowners • Smallest group • Most powerful • Plebeians • Majority of the population • Slaves • Not based on race • Patrician and Plebeian men were citizens • Selected foreigners could become citizens • Rights & Responsibilities of citizenship • Taxes • Military service Social Structure in the Roman Republic

8. Features of Roman Democracy • Representative Democracy • Assemblies • The Senate • Consuls • Laws of Rome: Twelve Tables (Tablets)

9. The Roman Peace • The PaxRomana • 2 Centuries of Peace & Prosperity under Imperial Rule • Expansion of the Roman Empire • Economic Impact of the PaxRomana • Uniform system of money (expand trade) • Safe travel & trade along Roman Roads • Promoted Prosperity & Stability • Social Impact of the PaxRomana • Returned stability to social classes • Increased emphasis on the family • Political Impact of the PaxRomana • Created a civil service (job based on ability) • Developed a uniform code of laws

10. Feudal Society in the Middle Ages • Fiefs – Land given to a Vassal • Vassal – One who receives a Fief (land) • Serfs – Peasants that worked the land • Feudal Obligations • Manorial System during the Middle Ages • Rigid Class structure • Self-sufficient manors • Produce everything they needed

11. Trade, Networks of Economic Interdependence, & Cultural Interactions • Goods Traded • Gold & Salt from West Africa (Trans Sahara Trade Route) • Spices from lands around the Indian Ocean • Textiles from China, India, the Middle East, and later Europe • Porcelain from China and Persia • Amber from the Baltic Region

12. Trade, Networks of Economic Interdependence, & Cultural Interactions • Technology • Paper from China through the Muslim world to Byzantium and Western Europe • New crops from India (e.g., for making sugar) • Waterwheels and windmills, from the Middle East • Navigation: Compass from, lateen sail from Indian Ocean region

13. Technology Water Wheel Wind Mill Lateen Sail Compass

14. Trade, Networks of Economic Interdependence, & Cultural Interactions • Spread of religions across the hemisphere • Buddhism from China to Korea and Japan • Hinduism and Buddhism from India to Southeast Asia • Islam into West Africa, Central and Southeast Asia - Printing and Paper Money from China

15. Economic Effects of the Crusades • Increased demand for Middle Eastern products • Stimulated the production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets • Encouraged the use of Credit and Banking

16. Important Economic Concepts of the Italian Renaissance • Church Rule against usury and the banks’ practice of charging interest helped to secularize northern Italy • Letters of Credit served to expand the supply of money and expedite (speed up) trade • New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic numerals) were introduced

17. Florence, Venice, & Genoa • Originally were independent city states governed as Republics. • Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern market • Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to Northern Europe.

18. Machiavelli’s The Prince • An early modern treatise on government • Supports Absolute Power of the ruler • Maintains that “The end justifies the means” • Advises that one should not only do good if possible, but do evil when necessary