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Macromolecules

Macromolecules . Building Complex Molecules That Comprise Living Things. Comparison of Terms . Four types of organic macromolecules are important in living systems. . Macromolecules: Polymers Made of Repeating Monomers. Organic Macromolecules Contain Carbon.

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Macromolecules

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  1. Macromolecules Building Complex Molecules That Comprise Living Things

  2. Comparison of Terms Four types of organic macromolecules are important in living systems.

  3. Macromolecules: Polymers Made of Repeating Monomers

  4. Organic Macromolecules Contain Carbon • Question: How many electrons does carbon need to fill its outer energy level? • Answer: Four Each carbon atom can make four covalent bonds with other types of atoms or additional carbons.

  5. Synthesis and Breakdown of Macromolecules

  6. Dehydration Synthesis / Hydrolysis Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis

  7. Carbohydrates: Structure • Simple • Monosaccharides= one sugar unit Glucose = blood sugar All cells use glucose for energy

  8. CH2OH H HOCH2 O O H HOCH2 CH2OH O H H + O H H H HO H H HO OH H O H HO CH2OH HO CH2OH OH H HO OH HO H HO H HO H HO H Glucose + Fructose HO H Carbohydrates: Structure • Simple • Disaccharides = two sugar units Sucrose & Water

  9. Carbohydrates: Structure • Simple • Disaccharides = two sugar units • Sucrose = glucose + fructose table sugar • Lactose = glucose + galactose milk sugar • Maltose = glucose + glucose seed sugar

  10. Carbohydrates: Structure • Complex • Polysaccharides= many sugar units • Starch -- storage in plants • Glycogen -- storage in animals • Cellulose -- plant cell walls, indigestible • Chitin -- exoskeletons of insects, fungal cell walls

  11. Chitin

  12. Carbohydrates: Functions • Energy source • Structural component • Cell-cell communication

  13. Carbohydrates: Dietary Recommendations • 58% of calories from carbohydrates • No more than 10% of calories from simple, refined sugars • Emphasize • Complex Carbohydrates • Starch • Fiber (cellulose) • Naturally-occurring simple carbohydrates • Fructose from fruit • Lactose from milk

  14. Macronutrients As Energy Sources

  15. Which molecule consists of two sugar units? Which choice best describes glycogen? Which type of molecule provides the basic energy for your cells? Which type of molecule is found in milk? Monosaccharide Polysaccharide Disacharide Applying Your Knowledge

  16. Macromolecules: Polymers Made of Repeating Monomers

  17. Lipids: Structure • Triglyceride—predominant form in diet • One molecule of glycerol • Three fatty acids

  18. Lipids: Structure • Types of Fatty Acids • Saturated – 2H per internal carbon • Unsaturated -- <2H per internal carbon one or more double bonds • Monounsaturated – one double bond • Polyunsaturated – more than one double bond

  19. H H H H H H C H H H H C C C C C O O O OH OH OH C C C C C C O O O O O O OH OH OH C C H H H H C C H H H H C C H H H H C C C O O O H H H H C C H H H H C C H H H H C C H C H H C H H C H C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H C C C H H H H H H C C C H H H H H H H H H HOH HOH HOH TriglycerideFormation Triglyceride Glycerol RemoveTheseWaters Add 3FattyAcids 3 Waters

  20. Which Is a Source of Unsaturated Fatty Acids? Linseed Oil Beef Fat

  21. Lipids: Structure • Phospholipid—component of cell membranes PolarHead Glycerol Fatty Acid Tails Hydrophilic Hydrophobic

  22. Lipids: Structure • Steroids • Linked carbon rings • Natural body components • Hormones • Cholesterol

  23. Estradiol Testosterone Steroids Cholesterol

  24. Lipids: Functions • Concentrated energy source • Structural components of cell membranes • Phospholipids • Cholesterol • Communication • Steroid Hormones • Protection from water • Waxes Cholesterol Phospholipids

  25. Lipids: Dietary Recommendations • < 30% of calories from lipids • < 10% of calories from saturated fats • Limit cholesterol to 300 mg/day • Avoid “trans” fatty acids in partially hydrogenated products • Emphasize • Unsaturated fatty acids from vegetables,fish, legumes,and nuts • Oils: mono- or polyunsaturated

  26. Macronutrients As Energy Sources

  27. Which molecule is made of a series of carbon rings? Which molecule has more than one double bond? Which molecule has 2H for each internal carbon? Which molecule has one double bond? Polyunsaturated fatty acid Cholesterol Monounsaturated fatty acid Saturated fatty acid Applying Your Knowledge

  28. Macromolecules: Polymers Made of Repeating Monomers

  29. Proteins: Structure • Primary structure = chain of amino acids • Amino acids have common features Carboxylic AcidGroup AminoGroup     R “Alpha”Carbon The “R” GroupDiffers for Each Amino Acid

  30. Carboxylic Acid     Group AminoGroup   “Alpha”Carbon Amino Acids: Phenylalanine Structure Phenylalanine“R” Group

  31. Carboxylic Acid     Group AminoGroup   Amino Acids: Leucine Structure Leucine “R”     Group

  32. Proteins: StructureForming the Protein Chain Phenylalanine Leucine Dehydration Synthesis between COOH & NH2

  33. Proteins: StructureForming the Protein Chain The Peptide Bond Water Phenylalanine-Leucine Dipeptide

  34. Four Levels of Protein Structure Tertiary(Folding by R-group interactions) Primary(Sequence) Quaternary(Two or more chains associating) Secondary(Coiling by Hydrogen Bonding)

  35. Four Levels of Protein Structure Primary Structure = sequence of amino acids in chain

  36. Four Levels of Protein Structure • Secondary Structure Folded structure due to hydrogen bonds between the amino and acid groups of amino acids N C N C H O H O or O H O H N C N C

  37. Found in most proteins Found in silk

  38. Four Levels of Protein Structure • Tertiary Structure: Three dimensional folded structure due to attractions and repulsions between R groups Can involve covalent bonding hydrogen bonding ionic interactions hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions

  39. StraightHair NaturallyCurlyHair |S|S| |S|S| |S|S| |S|S| |S|S| |S|S| |S|S| |S|S| |S|S| |S|S| Hair Curling

  40. Four Levels of Protein Structure • Quaternary Structure: Association of two or more protein chains eg. Hemoglobin is composed of 4 protein chains 2 are called alpha hemoglobin 2 are called beta hemoglobin

  41. Proteins: Functions • Structural Component of Cells • Control of Metabolic Reactions: enzymes • Growth and Repair • Communication • Protein Hormones • Cell Receptors • Energy source Protein Protein

  42. Proteins: Dietary Recommendations • 12% of calories from proteins • 8 essential amino acids obtained from • Lean sources of animal protein • Complementary plant proteins • Beans + Grains • Beans + Seeds

  43. Which structure results from hydrogen bonding? Which structure involves an association of two or more protein chains? Which structure describes the linear sequence of amino acids? Which structure depends upon interactions between the R groups of the amino acids? Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Applying Your Knowledge

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