Plant Nomenclature Michael G. Simpson

1. Plant NomenclatureMichael G. Simpson What is Nomenclature? Assignment of plant names utilizing a formal system. What is the name of the work providing the rules and recommendations for plant nomenclature? International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN)(formerly International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, ICBN) What organisms are covered by the ICN? Land plants, "algae," and fungi (+slime molds, water molds)

2. What are two basic activities governed by the ICN? 1) Naming new taxa 2) Determining the correct name for previously named taxa (altered in some way)

3. What are legitimate and illegitimate names? Legitimate Namesin accordance with the rules of the ICN Illegitimate Namesviolate one or more rules of the ICN

4. How are changes to the ICN made? International Botanical Congress Last held in Melbourne, Australia - July 2011. Next: Shenzhen, China, 23–29 July 2017.

5. What are the Principles of Plant Nomenclature? 1) Botanical nomenclature is independent of Zoological and Bacteriological nomenclature. 2) The application of botanical names is determined by means of nomenclatural types. 3) Botanical nomenclature is based upon priority of publication.

6. What are the Principles of Plant Nomenclature? 4) Each taxon of a particular circumscription, position, and rank can have only one correct name, the earliest in accordance with the rules. [=Fundamental Principle!] 5) Scientific names are treated as Latin. 6) The rules and regulations of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature are retroactive.

7. What are the rules vs. regulations of the ICN? Rules = required Recommendations = not required

8. What is a scientific name? = the names assigned by the rules of the ICNIn Latin languageE.g., Malpighia, Alliaceae, Zingiberales

9. Linnaeus What is the correct form of binomials? Who first consistently used binomials? Binomial = “two names” E.g., for Quercus dumosa Nuttall Quercus = genus name (capitalized) dumosa = specific epithet (not capitalized) Quercus dumosa = species name Nuttall = author

10. Scientific Names usually italicized or underlined: Quercus dumosa Nuttall Scientific Names may be bolded: Quercus dumosa Nuttall

11. Name the reasons that common names are disadvantageous? Only scientific names are universal, used the same world-wide; e.g., Ipomoea -Woodbine, Morning Glory 2) Common names are not consistent. a) A taxon may have more than one common name (e.g., chamise, greasewood for Adenostoma fasciculatum). b) One common name may refer to more than one taxon (e.g., ”hemlock” for both Tsuga and for Conium maculatum). 3) Common names tell nothing about rank; scientific names do. 4) Many, if not most, organisms have no common name in any language.

12. What is rank? What is position? Hierarchical classification in which a higher rank is inclusive of all lower ranks. Placement as a member of a taxon of the next higher rank E.g., Aster & Rosa of same rank (genus) but different positions (Asteraceae & Rosaceae)

13. What are the ranks? Kingdom (various) Plantae Phylum [Division] -phyta Magnoliophyta Subphylum [Subdivision] -phytina Magnoliophytina Class -opsida Magnoliopsida Subclass -idae Asteridae Superorder -anae, [-iflorae] Asteranae Order -ales Asterales Suborder -ineae Asterineae Family -aceae Asteraceae Subfamily -oideae Asteroideae Tribe -eae Heliantheae Subtribe -inae Helianthinae Genus (various) Helianthus Subgenus (various) Helianthus Section (various) Helianthus Species (various) Helianthusannuus Subspecies (various) Helianthusannuus ssp. annuus Variety (various) Helianthusannuus var. annuus

14. Major Rank Endings: Order -ales Asterales Family -aceae Asteraceae Subfamily -oideae Asteroideae Tribe -eae Heliantheae Subtribe -inae Helianthinae Genus (various) Helianthus Subgenus (various) Helianthus Section (various) Helianthus Species (various) Helianthusannuus Subspecies (various) Helianthusannuus ssp. annuus Variety (various) Helianthusannuus var. annuus

15. Zygophyllaceae family Tribonanthes genus Rosales order What is the rank of: Linnaea borealis var. longiflora variety Tribonanthes variegata species Phlebocarya ciliata subsp. pilosissima subspecies Conostylidoideae subfamily Haemodoreae tribe Hamamelidae subclass Liliopsida class Magnoliophyta phylum

16. = Umbelliferae Arecaceae = Palmae Asteraceae = Compositae Alternate Family/Subfamily Names Brassicaceae = Cruciferae Clusiaceae = Guttiferae Fabaceae = Leguminosae Apiaceae Lamiaceae = Labiatae Poaceae = Gramineae Faboideae = Papilionoideae

17. What is a ternary name? subspecies or variety name (both are infraspecific names) E.g., Toxicodendron radicans subsp. diversilobum (diversilobum = subspecific epithet) Brickellia arguta var. odontolepis (odontolepis = varietal epithet) What is of higher rank?

18. Authorship? the name of the person who first validly published the name

19. E.g., Rosaceae Jussieu Conostylideae Lindley Mohavea A. Gray Mohavea confertiflora (A. DC.) A. Heller Monardella linoides A. Gray ssp. erecta (Abrams) Elvin & A.C. Sanders AUTHOR NAMES OFTEN ABBREVIATED: Haemodoraceae R. Br. (for Robert Brown) Liquidambar styraciflua L. (for C. Linnaeus) CHECK http://www.ipni.org(standardized)

20. How to learn scientific names: 1) Syllabize and accent. 2) Use mnemonic devices. 3) Learn the etymology (meaning). 4) Practice and review: oral and written recitation.

21. What is a nomenclature type? Herbarium specimen (usu.) permanently associated with a name. Holotype - primary specimen upon which a name is based, designated at the time of publication. Isotype - duplicate of the holotype, collected at the same time by the same person from the same place. Lectotype - selected from the original material to serve as the type when holotype not available. Neotype - specimen derived from a non-original collection that is selected to serve as the type.

22. Taxa at which ranks have types? Types exist for all ranks up to family A specimen described by Linnaeus is the type for Borago officinalis L. Borago officinalis L. is the type for the genus Borago L. The genus Borago L. is the type for the family Boraginaceae Jussieu

23. What is a priority of publication? Name published first is the legitimate one When and with what publication begin? Species Plantarum by Linnaeus in 1753(with exceptions) Adverse consequences? How to correct? Nomina familiarum conservandaNomina generica conservanda et rejiciendaNomina species conservanda

24. Two reasons for name change? 1) Name contrary to the rules (illegitimate). 2) Additional research has changed definition and delimitation of a taxon.

25. NEW Research: Phylogenetic studies may demonstrate at taxon to be non-monophyletic

26. E.g., Lotus s.l. is not monophyletic

27. Four major ways that names are changed? United Divided Changed in rank Changed in Position

28. Name changes: Names may be united: E.g., Krynitzkia and Cryptantha (Boraginaceae) have been united into one genus, Cryptantha

29. Solution 1: Unite as a monophyletic group: Lotus s.l. Lotus s.l.

30. Name changes: Name may be divided: E.g., Rhus (Anacardiaceae) split into Malosma, Rhus, and Toxicodendron

31. Acmispon Solution 2: Split into separate monophyletic groups Hosackia Lotus s.s. Type

32. Name changes: Name may be changed in position: E.g., Sedum variegata transferred to the genusDudleya, the new species Dudleya variegata;

33. Name changes: Name may be changed in rank: E.g., Larrea divaricata ssp. tridentata changed to rank of species: Larrea tridentata

34. What is a basionym? The “name bearing” name. The original (possibly now rejected) name, part of which (the epithet) has been used in a new combination. Author(s) in parentheses? Person(s) who named basionym. Retained!

35. Basionym E.g., Sedum variegata S. Watson was transferred to the genus Dudleya by Moran, new species name is: Dudleya variegata (S. Watson) Moran [Note: Sedum variegata S. Watson is the basionym] E.g., Muhlenbergia shepherdii (Vasey) Swallen transferred to Blepharoneuron by P. M. Peterson & Annable, new name: Blepharoneuron shepherdii (Vasey) P. M. Peterson & Annable [Sporobolus shepherdii Vasey, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 14: 8. 1887] (=basionym)

36. What is an autonym? Automatically created name for infrafamilial, infrageneric, and infraspecific taxa. Created when taxa are divided. Assigned based on priority of publication. Autonyms have no authors.

37. Autonyms: E.g., Lotus stipularis (Benth.) Greene split by Isely into 2 varieties: Lotus stipularis (Benth.) Greene var. ottleyi Isely Lotus stipularis (Benth.) Greene var. stipularis Later, genus Hosackia accepted: Hosackia stipularis Benth. var. ottleyi (Isely) Brouillet Hosackia stipularis Benth. var. stipularis

38. Autonyms: Family Euphorbiaceae divided into subfamilies: Euphorbioideae (the autonym) must be one of them Genus Ceanothus split into two subgenera: Subgenus Ceanothus Subgenus Cerastes (Subgenus Ceanothus contains type species for the genus.)

39. What are the main criteria of valid publication? 1) Name must be effectively published = in a journal generally available to botanists As of 1 Jan 2012:Electronic material published online in Portable Document Format (PDF) with an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) or an International Standard Book Number (ISBN) will constitute effective publication

40. What are the main criteria of valid publication? 2) Name must be published in the correct form, properly Latinized with the correct rank ending. 3) Name must be published with a Latin description or diagnosis or with a reference to such. [Vernacular description typically included.] As of 1 Jan 2012:A description or diagnosis may be in either Latin or English.

41. What are the main criteria of valid publication? 4) Rank must be indicated (e.g., “sp. nov.,”“subsp. nov.,” or “var. nov.”) 5) Nomenclatural type must be indicated (for genus and below).

44. What is a synonym? Why rejected? = a rejected name, byaparticularauthororauthors. Synonyms usu. indicated in brackets; e.g., Malosma laurina (Nutt.) Abrams [Rhus laurina Nutt.] 1) because illegitimate. 2) because of taxonomic judgement.

45. 1) Homotypic (nomenclatural) – based on the same type specimen Two types of synonyms: E.g., Cryptantha decipiens (M. E. Jones) A. Heller [Krynitzkia decipiens M. E. Jones] 1) Heterotypic (taxonomic) – based on a different type specimen E.g., Aesculus L. (1753) [Pavia Mill. (1754)] E.g., Cryptantha mohavensis (Greene) Greene (1887)[Cryptantha fallax Greene (1902)]

46. What is a correct name? How can a name be legitimate but not correct? A legitimate (and therefore validly published) name that is accepted by a particular author or authors. Each taxon can have only one correct name. There may be 2 (or more) alternative, legitimate names. Only one of these can be correct (in any given work).

47. Malacothrix incana (Nutt.) Torrey & A. Gray[Malacomeris incanus Nutt.] (=basionym, homotypic synonym) Porophyllum gracile Benth.[P. caesium Greene; P. vaseyi Greene] (=heterotypic synonyms) Gilia diegensis (Munz) A. D. & V. E. Grant[Gilia inconspicua (Sm.) Sweet var. diegensis Munz] (=basionym, homotypic synonym)

48. What is a homonym? What is a tautonym? = binomial in which genus and specific epithets are identical in spelling. Tautonyms are not permitted by the ICN! E.g., Helianthus helianthus would be a tautonym and illegitimate. Ziziphus zizyphus (L.) H. Karst. (Jujube) is not a tautonym and is permitted. = synonym identical to accepted, correct name. E.g.: Eritrichium hispidum Philippi, 1860 [Eritrichium hispidum Buckley,1862] E.g., Piptocalyx Bentham (Trimeniaceae), 1870 [Piptocalyx Torrey, 1874]

49. Abbreviations: "in" = "in the publication of”E.g., Arabis sparsiflora Nutt. in T. & G.May be abbrev: Arabis sparsiflora Nutt. "ex" = "validly published by.”E.g., Microseris elegans Greene ex A. GrayMay be abbrev.: Microseris elegans A. Gray.

50. Abbreviations: s.l. (sensu lato) means “in the broad sense” s.s. or s.str. (sensu stricto) means “in the narrow sense” E.g., Boraginaceae s.l. includes the families Hydrophyllaceae, Ehretiaceae, Heliotropaceae, Cordiaceae, and others Boraginaceae s.s. does not (those families are separate)