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CHAPTER 10 SECTION 2 THE HOME FRONT

CHAPTER 10 SECTION 2 THE HOME FRONT. BEFORE THE WAR THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT PLAYED A MINOR ROLE IN THE DAILY LIVES OF AMERICANS – THIS CHANGES DURING WWI. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ASSUMED NEW POWERS : 1. REGULATED INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION 2. REGULATED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

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CHAPTER 10 SECTION 2 THE HOME FRONT

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  1. CHAPTER 10 SECTION 2 THE HOME FRONT

  2. BEFORE THE WAR THE • FEDERAL GOVERNMENT • PLAYED A MINOR ROLE IN • THE DAILY LIVES OF • AMERICANS • – THIS CHANGES DURING WWI

  3. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ASSUMED NEW POWERS: • 1. REGULATED INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION • 2. REGULATED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION • 3. WORKED TO SHAPE PUBLIC OPINION • 4. ESTABLISHED A NEW MILITARY DRAFT

  4. WAR BROUGHT ECONOMIC • OPPORTUNITIES CAUSING • MIGRATION IN SEARCH OF • THESE OPPORTUNITIES • WAR ALSO CHANGED • AMERICANS’ • RELATIONSHIP WITH THEIR • GOVERNMENT

  5. MOBILIZING FOR WAR • TO BUILD UP THE ARMY • PRESIDENT WILSON • ENCOURAGED AMERICANS TO • VOLUNTEER AND PUSHED • CONGRESS TO PASS THE • SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT • – WHICH AUTHORIZED A DRAFT • OF YOUNG MEN FOR MILITARY • SERVICE IN EUROPE

  6. MORE THAN 9.6 MILLION • REGISTERED AND WERE • ASSIGNED A NUMBER • – GOVERNMENT THEN • HELD • “GREAT NATIONAL • LOTTERY” • TO DECIDED THE • ORDER IN WHICH THE • FIRST DRAFTEES • WOULD BE CALLED • INTO SERVICE

  7. PRESIDENT WILSON ALSO • WORKED TO SHIFT THE • ECONOMY FROM A PEACETIME • ECONOMY TO A WARTIME • ECONOMY • – SLOW PROCESS

  8. THE COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE • – CREATED NEW FEDERAL ADMINISTRATIVE • AGENCIES TO OVERSEE DIFFERENT PHASES OF • THE WAR EFFORT • -- DIFFERENT AGENCIES REGULATED FOOD PRODUCTION, • COAL AND PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION AND RAILWAY USE • – MEANING THE GOVERNMENT DETERMINED WHAT • CROPS WERE GROWN, WHAT PRODUCTS WERE • PRODUCED AND HOW SUPPLIES WERE MOVED

  9. PROBLEMS LED TO THE CREATION OF THE WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD (WIB) • – HEADED BY BERNARD BARUCH

  10. THE WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD: • 1.REGULATED ALL INDUSTRIES • ENGAGED IN THE WAR EFFORT • 2.DETERMINED WHAT PRODUCTS • INDUSTRIES WOULD MAKE • 3.WHERE PRODUCTS WOULD BE SENT • 4. HOW MUCH PRODUCTS WOULD COST • THE WIB INFRINGED ON THE FREE • ENTERPRISE SYSTEM TO FULFIL THE • NATION’S NEED FOR WAR MATERIALS

  11. FOOD ADMINISTRATION • – HEADED BY HERBERT HOOVER • – SET PRICES HIGH FOR WHEAT AND OTHER • FOODSTUFFS TO ENCOURAGE FARMERS TO • INCREASE PRODUCTION • – HE ASKED AMERICANS TO CONSERVE FOOD FOR • PATRIOTIC REASONS SO THEY WOULD HAVE • MORE TO SEND TO SOLDIERS OVERSEAS

  12. MOST AMERICANS DID NOT KNOW THE REASONS OF THE WAR – THE COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC INFORMATION • – LED BY GEORGE CREEL • - EDUCATED THE PUBLIC ABOUT THE CAUSES AND • NATURE OF THE WAR • – HAD TO CONVINCE AMERICANS THAT THE WAR • EFFORT WAS A JUST CAUSE

  13. THE CPI SPEAKERS GAVE • LECUTRES AND • SPEECHES TO GET • AMERICAN SUPPORT • – ALSO HAD POSTERS • THAT SHOWED THE • NEEDS OF AMERICA AND • ALLIES AND ALSO THE • CRUELTY OF THE ENEMY • – ESPECIALLY THE • GERMANS

  14. AMERICAN OPPOSITION TO THE WAR • MEMBERS OF TWO LARGE ETHNIC GROUPS OPPOSED THE ALLIES: • THE GERMAN AMERICANS AND THE IRISH AMERICANS • – CAUSED RESENTMENT OF • AMERICANS • – ESPECIALLY AGAINST GERMAN • AMERICANS • TO TRY TO STOP THE OPPOSITION THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HAD TO DO THINGS THAT TRESPASSED ON INDIVIDUAL LIBERTIES

  15. TO TRY TO STOP THE • OPPOSITION THE FEDERAL • GOVERNMENT HAD TO DO • THINGS THAT TRESPASSED • ON INDIVIDUAL LIBERTIES • DRAFT CREATED PROBLEMS • – MANY BELIEVED IT WAS AN • ILLEGAL INTRUSION INTO • THEIR PRIVATE LIVES • – SOME REFUSED TO • COOPERATE WITH THE • SELECTIVE SERVICE AND • WERE COURT MARTIALED • AND PUT IN PRISON • – 12% OF MEN WHO RECEIVED • DRAFT NOTICES NEVER • RESPONDED TO THEM

  16. CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS • – PEOPLE WHOSE MORAL OR • RELIGIOUS BELIEFS FORBID • THEM TO FIGHT IN WARS • – ALVIN C. YORK

  17. WOMEN’S PEACE PARTY • – AMERICAN FEMINISTS LIKE JANE ADDAMS • OPPOSED THE WAR AND JOINED OTHERS • FROM OTHER COUNTRIES TO FORM THE • WOMEN’S INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE FOR PEACE • AND FREEDOM

  18. JEANNETTE RANKIN • – THE FIRST WOMAN • TO SERVE IN THE U.S. • HOUSE OF • REPRESENTATIVES VOTED • AGAINST THE WAR

  19. RESULTS OF OPPOSITION • THE GOVERNMENT HAD A DIFFICULT PATH BETWEEN RESPECTING AND RESTRICTING INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS

  20. JUNE 1917 – CONGRESS PASSED • THE ESPIONAGE ACT WHICH: • ALLOWED POSTAL AUTHORITIES • TO BAN TREASONABLE OR • SEDITIOUS NEWSPAPERS, • MAGAZINES OR PRINTED • MATERIALS FROM THE MAIL • ENACTED SEVERE PENALTIES • FOR ANYONE ENGAGED IN • DISLOYAL OR TREASONABLE • ACTIVITIES

  21. ANYONE CAUGHT • INTERFERING WITH THE WAR • EFFORT COULD BE PUNISHED • WITH A FINE AND PRISON • CONGRESS ALSO PASSED • THE SEDITION ACT • – WHICH MADE IT ILLEGAL TO • USE “DISLOYAL, PROFANE, • SCURRILIOUS OR ABUSIVE • LANGUAGE” ABOUT THE • AMERICAN FORM OF • GOVERNMENT, THE • CONSTITUTION OR THE • MILITARY FORCES

  22. GOVERNMENT USED THE SEDITION ACT TO PROSECUTE EUGENE V. DEBS • – THE LEADER OF THE AMERICAN • SOCIALIST PARTY • – FOR GIVING AN ANTI-WAR • SPEECH AT A SOCIALIST • CONVENTION • – WAS SENTENCED TO 10 YEARS • IN PRISON

  23. SUPREME COURT CASE • – SCHENCK V. UNITED STATES • – UPHELD THE CONSTITUTIONALITY • OF THE SEDITION ACT • – COURT SAID THERE TIMES WHEN • THE NEED FOR PUBLIC ORDER IS SO • PRESSING THAT FIRST AMENDMENT • PROTECTIONS OF SPEECH DO NOT • APPLY (PAGE 300)

  24. PREJUDICE AGAINST GERMAN AMERICANS • GERMAN AMERICANS WERE • TREATED HARSHLY DURINGTHE WAR • – AMERICANS REGARDED • GERMANY AS THE MAIN • ENEMY AMONG THE • CENTRAL POWERS • – BELIEVED IF GERMANY • WAS CRUEL THEN ALL • GERMAN PEOPLE WERE • CRUEL • AMERICANS STOPPEDTEACHING • GERMAN INPUBLIC SCHOOL AND • DISCONTINUED LISTENING • TO GERMAN COMPOSERS

  25. GERMAN AMERICANS WERE FORCED TO PROVE • THEIR LOYALTIES TO AMERICA BY: • 1.CONDEMNING THE GERMAN GOVERNMENT • 2.GIVING UP SPEAKING GERMAN • 3.NO LONGER READING GERMAN LANGUAGE • NEWSPAPERS • 4.PARTICIPATING IN AMERICAN PATRIOTIC DRIVES • MANY GERMAN AMERICANS WERE HARASSED, • BEATEN AND SOME WERE KILLED BECAUSE THEY • WERE BORN IN GERMANY OR SPOKE WITH A • GERMAN ACCENT

  26. WAR CHANGES AMERICAN SOCIETY • WAR BROUGHT NEW OPPORTUNITIES • FORWOMEN, AFRICAN AMERICANS • AND MEXICANAMERICANS • MANY WOMEN BEGAN WORKING FOR • THE FIRSTTIME IN JOBS VACATED BY • MEN WHO WENT TOWAR • – MANY ALSO JOINED THE RED CROSS • AND THEARMY CORPS OF NURSES • AND WENT OVERSEAS

  27. MANY AFRICAN AMERICANS ENLISTED • OR WERE DRAFTED INTO THE ARMY • – THEY FOUGHT IN SEGREGATED UNITS • LED BY WHITE OFFICERS • – MANY ALSO MOVED NORTH FOR • ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES • – CALLED THE GREAT MIGRATION • – ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT • POPULATION SHIFTS IN U.S. HISTORY • – BETWEEN 1910 AND 1920 • – MORE THAN ONE MILLION AFRICAN • AMERICANS MOVED NORTH

  28. MEXICANS MOVED NORTH FOR • ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES AS • WELL • – WORKED ON FARMS OR LARGE • RANCHES • – MOST ENDED UP IN CALIFORNIA • AND FORMED BARRIOS • – HISPANIC NEIGHBORHOODS IN • LOS ANGELES AND OTHER CITIES • IN CALIFORNIA’S IMPERIAL • VALLEY

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