The Cold War

1. The Cold War

2. Get Started! 2/11 • It is so wonderful to see you all!! • Take out all Red Tails material that you have from last week. • You need three things from the front table.

3. What is the Cold War? • Before WWII ended, US and Soviet Union relations had become strained. • Cold War: era of confrontation and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union • 1946-1990

4. The Soviet Union • Concerned about security – Germany had invaded them twice in past 30 years! • Wanted to keep Germany weak. • Communists – system would replace capitalism. • Wanted to spread communism to other nations. • Suspicious of capitalist nations (U.S.)

5. U.S. • Concerned about the economy – believed WWII was caused by the Great Depression. • Key to world peace = economic growth, increase in world trade • Wanted to promote democracy and capitalism. • Saw Communism as a threat to economic growth.

6. SecondPeriod • Tyler, Roman, Elizabeth • Autumn, Madison, Emily • Shadeed, Will, Noah • Caroline, Robert, DeAndre • DVonte, Sara, Michael • Travis, Sloan, Warren • Ingram, Roderick, Nick • Kenny & Victoria

7. Fifth Period • Jonathan, Sheniqua, Nathan, Peter • Brandon, Emily, Josh, Rachel • Peter, Connor, Norlan, Madeline • Katie, Elizabeth, Samantha, Rachel, Roshae

8. Sixth Period • Madelynn, Cade, Curtis • William, Michelle, Shedrick • Bijan & Chad • Jasmine, Booker, Owen • Katie & Anna • Erin & Jordan • Nelson & Bianca • Zoe &Catherine

9. Seventh Period • Leslie, Turner, Destiny • EJ, Chance, Nashawan • Uriel, Pedro, Joe • Parker, Aaron, Justin • Reese, Haley, Eman • Christian, Darnesha • Chris & Peyton • Leo & Racquel

10. The Yalta Conference • February 1945 • The “Big Three” – Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin • First issue – Poland • Two governments: communist, non-communist • Churchill, FDR – Poland should choose own gov’t. • Stalin – Poland should be friendly to Soviets for security reasons. • Compromise: Recognize government set up by Soviets, free elections would be held ASAP.

12. The Yalta Conference • Stalin wants Germany divided into zones. • Churchill disagrees. • FDR is mediator because he wants • Soviet Union to help defeat Japan. • Stalin’s support for the creation of the United Nations.

13. The Yalta Conference • Compromise • Germany temporarily divided into four zones • American, British, French, Soviet • Berlin would be divided into four zones, even though it was in the Soviet zone. • Stalin promised “free and unfettered elections” in Soviet-occupied territory. • Germany to pay reparations, but with trade goods, machinery, and products instead of cash.

15. Tensions Rise • Stalin pressures Romania to establish a Communist gov’t. • Soviets refuse to allow more than three non-Communist Poles to serve in Polish gov’t • No indication of Polish elections • FDR informs Stalin that these actions were unacceptable. • FDR passes away, Truman takes over.

16. Truman Takes Over • Inexperienced in foreign affairs. • Would have to deal with experienced leaders. • Strongly anticommunist, suspicious of Stalin.

17. The Potsdam Conference • July 1945 • Stalin, Truman, Churchill (later Atlee) • Stalin did not allow free elections like he promised at Yalta. • Truman wants free elections to ensure the spread of democracy. • He also wants Germany’s economy to revive, so the rest of Europe will. • Stalin wants heavy reparations.

19. The Potsdam Conference • Compromise on Reparations • Stalin to take reparations from just the Soviet zone. • If not enough, other zones could trade equipment from their zones. • German industry to revive in other zones. • At this point, Stalin knows about the atomic bomb. • Potsdam Conference marks an increase in tensions between the Soviet Union and the U.S.

20. The Soviet Bloc • Satellite nations are dependent and dominated by the Soviet Union • Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Poland • By controlling these nations, Soviets felt they could stop future western invasion.

22. The “Iron Curtain” • 1946 speech by Winston Churchill. • Metaphor for the divide between Western Europe and the Soviet bloc. • Stalin called the speech a “call to war.”

23. Containment Policy • February 1946 • Time to stop “babying the Soviets” • George Kennan – Long Telegram • Goal of U.S. should be to “contain” communism within its present borders. Prevent its expansion into other countries. • Containment guided Truman’s foreign policy making.

24. The Truman Doctrine • Designed to contain Communism. • Truman announced he would give economic aid ($400 million) to Greece and Turkey to protect them from Communist takeover. • In the long-run, it pledged the United States to fight communism world-wide.

25. The Marshall Plan • Western Europe struggled to revive after the war. • Millions in refugee camps. • Secretary of State, George Marshall. • Provide aide to all European nations who needed it. • $13 billion to 16 European countries. • Europe’s recovery  weakened appeal of Communism and opened new markets for trade.

26. Show me what you learned • Describe TWO causes of the Cold War. • In one sentence, describe the Containment Policy. • In one sentence, describe the Marshall Plan.

27. West Germany • 1948 – US, France, Great Britain merge their zones in Germany • Also merge zones in Berlin • This area is known as West Germany. • Soviet Union’s zone = East Germany.

28. Germany

29. The Berlin Blockade • Soviets now convinced they will never get reparations they wanted. • June 1948 – cut off all road and rail traffic to West Berlin • Crisis – not enough food in West Berlin • What to do? • Potential for war with Soviets • People are starving

30. First Period • George Kennan: Mackenzey, Teddy, Tavaris • George Marshall: Joel, Erica, Taylor • Walter Lippman: Elizabeth, Mo, Juvenal • Henry Wallace: Savannah, Conner, Wyatt

31. First Period • MacKenzey, Joel, Elizabeth, Savannah • Teddy, Erica, Mo, Conner • Tavaris, Taylor, Juvenal, Wyatt

33. Fifth Period • George Marshall: Hunter, Bebe, Genaro • Walter Lippman: Justin, Allise, Nicole • George Kennan: Leila, Luke, Sarah • Henry Wallace: Henry, Jaylin, Drew • George Marshall: Jessica, Sebastian • Walter Lippman: Dennis, Chris • George Kennan: Juan, Bri, • Henry Wallace: Hamoody, Alex

34. Fifth Period • Hunter, Lauren, Leila, Henry, Justin • Bebe, Allise, Luke, Jaylin • Genaro, Nicole, Sarah, Drew • Jessica, Dennis, Juan, Hamoody • Chris, Bri, Sebastian, Alex

35. Sixth Period • George Marshall: John Robert, Anthony, Heidy • Walter Lippman: Aaron, Lina, Maggie • Henry Wallace: Kevin, Meredith, Kelsey • George Kennan: Alexys, Brian, Wesley • George Marshall: Jay, Laura, Larry • Walter Lippman: Kelvin, Alyssa, Brittney • Henry Wallace: Jonathan, Patricia, Melvin • George Kennan: Claire, Justin

36. Sixth Period • John Robert, Aaron, Kevin, Alexys • Anthony, Lina, Meredith, Brian, Larry • Heidy, Maggie, Kelsey, Wesley • Jay, Kelvin, Jonathan, Claire, Brittney • Laura, Alyssa, Patricia, Justin, Melvin

37. Seventh Period • George Marshall: Aimee, Salvador, Emily • Walter Lippman: Haley, Rob, Katherine • Henry Wallace: Philip, Bobby, Victoria • George Kennan: Magdalena, John Ryan, Ellie • George Marshall: Charles, Linnet, Austin • Walter Lippman: Matthew, John, Alex Ann • Henry Wallace: Miles, DeMarcus, Alex • George Kennan: CT, Grant

38. Seventh Period • Aimee, Haley, Philip, Magdalena • Salvador, Rob, Bobby, John Ryan • Emily, Katherine, Victoria, Ellie, Alex Ann • Charles, Matthew, Miles, CT, Austin • Linnet, John, DeMarcus, Grant, Alex

39. Red Scare • Rumors and accusations of Communists in the United States. • Fear that Communists were trying to take over the world. • Fear that there were Communist spies in the government paid by the Soviet Union

40. Loyalty Review Board • Purpose: Investigate government employees and dismiss those found to be disloyal. • Disloyal was never defined. • Not allowed to see evidence against you or know who accused you. • 2,000 employees quit, 212 fired for “questionable loyalty” • No actual evidence

41. Actions of States • Loyalty oaths required for employees – especially teachers • New York – 11 communists convicted of advocating the overthrow of the gov’t  prison • Dennis v. United States – conviction upheld

42. House Un-American Activities Committee • Purpose: Investigate Communist and Fascist activities in the U.S. • Public hearings

43. Hollywood Ten • 10 of 43 witnesses from the film industry would not cooperate with HUAC. • Sent to prison • Blacklist: List of people who had a Communist background. Could no longer work in film.

45. McCarren Act • Loyalty Review Board did not go far enough. • Congress wants to make it unlawful to plan actions against U.S. • Required all Communist Party organizations to register with the U.S. and publish their records. • Allowed the President to arrest and detain Communists and Communist sympathizers. • Truman vetoed, Congress over-rode

46. Alger Hiss • Lawyer, diplomat, had attended Yalta Conference • Accused of selling secrets to the Soviets • Congressman Richard Nixon leads the investigation • Could not prove • Hiss was convicted of perjury and sent to jail

48. The Rosenbergs • Julius and Ethel • 1951 – convicted of espionage • Electrocuted, garner some sympathy

49. Joseph McCarthy • (POTUS now Eisenhower) • Senator from Wisconsin • Accused members of government, beginning with Secretary of State Acheson, of being Communist with no proof. • Many believed him because of fear and anxiety.

50. McCarthyism • McCarthyism: tactic of damaging reputations with vague and unfounded charges • Investigations turned into a witch hunt • Little evidence • Irrational fear • However, most Americans approved