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Syntax

Syntax. The final chapter. Constituent tests. Constituents Natural groupings of a sentence Morphemes Smallest meaningful units of a word How to test whether a group of words forms a constituent? The student passed the Linguistics class. Constituent tests. Test 1: “stand alone” test

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Syntax

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  1. Syntax The final chapter

  2. Constituent tests • Constituents • Natural groupings of a sentence • Morphemes • Smallest meaningful units of a word • How to test whether a group of words forms a constituent? The student passed the Linguistics class.

  3. Constituent tests • Test 1: “stand alone” test • If a group can stand alone, they form a constituent • Set of word that can answer a question: • What did you pass? • “the Linguistics class” • “passed the” The student passed the Linguistics class.

  4. Constituent tests • Test 2: “replacement by a pronoun” test • Pronouns can substitute for natural groups. • Pronoun that can answer a question: • When did you pass the Linguistic class? • “I passed it last trimester” • Do can also substitute for the whole predicate passed the Linguistics class. • Som passed the Linguistics class and Boss did too.

  5. Constituent tests • Test 3: “move as a unit” test • If a group of words can be moved, they form a constituent. • The student passed the Linguistics class • It was the Linguistics class that the student passed. • The Linguistics class was passed by the student.

  6. Exercise • Ambiguous sentences: • Which words form a constituent?

  7. Phrase Structure Tree S NP VP NP detadj N V det N The tipsy man finished the drink.

  8. Phrase structure rules • Quick exercise: • Look at the Phrase structure tree and its elements. Try to answer following questions: • What does a sentence consist of • What does a Noun Phrase consist of? • What does a Verb Phrase consist of?

  9. Phrase structure rules • S = NP + VP • NP = Det + N • VP = V + NP • VP = V The woman laughed. • VP = V + PP • PP= P + NP

  10. Phrase Structure Tree S VP NP NP V PP NP NP detadj N Vdet N P det N The tipsy man finished the drink in one minute

  11. S NP VP CP S NP VP NP det N V C det N V det N The professor said that the student passed the exam.

  12. Phrase structure rules • S = NP + VP • NP = Det + N • VP = V + NP • VP = V The woman laughed. • VP = V + PP • PP = P + NP • VP = V + CP • CP = C + S

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