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Syntax

This lecture provides a review of the topics covered in the course and gives details about the upcoming exams. It includes information about the format of the exams, how to prepare, and what to study.

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Syntax

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  1. Syntax Lecture 13: Review and Exams

  2. Exams Times • Wednesday 22 May: 10 – 11.30 (B172 Nagyterem) • Tuesday 11 June: 10 – 11.30 (D126 Eötvös terem) • Thursday 27 June: 10 – 11.30 (D126 Eötvös terem) Details • 90 minutes • 50 multiple choice questions (a-d) • 12 lectures = 4 questions from 10 lectures + 5 questions from 2 lectures Limits • Questions must have one correct answer • No ‘it depends on how you look at it’ answers. • Questions must have simple answers • i.e. none that need complex explanations (e.g. what rather than how).

  3. How to revise DO NOT revise from this lecture only: • It is an outline of what we have covered, missing out the details • exam questions will concern details. Revise from the lecture slides: • Available on SEAS course material • View in slide show mode to see all the details. Revise from your own lecture notes. Revise from BESE (to help understand slides). Try to determine the kinds of questions that could possibly be asked (considering limits on questions).

  4. Lecture 1: X-bar theory Main point • How X-bar theory restricts possible phrase structure Concepts and terms • Rules (X2 Y2 X1) • Trees • Head • Complement • Specifier • Projection • Intermediate projection • Notation (X = X’ = X1)

  5. Lecture 1: X-bar theory A possible question Bear in mind that it isn’t always possible to come up with 3 ‘sensible’ distracters (wrong answers) Look for obviously incorrect answers and eliminate those first.

  6. Lecture 1: X-bar theory A possible question Bear in mind that it isn’t always possible to come up with 3 ‘sensible’ distracters (wrong answers) Look for obviously incorrect answers and eliminate those first.

  7. Lecture 1: X-bar theory A possible question

  8. Lecture 2: Categories Main points • How categories introduce variation into structurally identical phrases • How the theory of categories restricts syntactic categories Concepts and terms • Projection (category of head projected to phrase) • Modern categories • D, A, C, I, Deg • Functional and thematic categories • Categorial features • [F, N, V] • Distinct and shared features

  9. Lecture 2: Categories

  10. Lecture 2: Categories

  11. Lecture 3:Subcategories and Functional Heads Main points: • Subcategories determined by complements: • Thematic heads have a number of subcategories • Functional heads don’t have subcategories • Functional heads head main syntactic phrases: • IP = clause (inner part) • CP = clause (outer part) • DP = Nominal phrase Terms and concepts • Finite and non-finite clause (infinitive)

  12. Lecture 3:Subcategories and Functional Heads

  13. Lecture 3:Subcategories and Functional Heads

  14. Lecture 4: Specifiers Main points: • The role of the specifier in movement • From specifier of thematic phrases • To specifier of functional phrases Concepts and terms • Movement • Subject from inside VP to specifier of IP • Floating quantifiers • Passivisation • Possessors of DP (specifier of DP) • Movement of possessor from specifier of NP into specifier of DP

  15. Lecture 4: Specifiers

  16. Lecture 4: Specifiers

  17. Lecture 5: Complementisers and Interrogatives Main points • Complementisers introduce different types of clauses • The logical structure of the clause (VP, IP, CP) • CP as landing sites for interrogative movements • C for inverted auxiliary • Specifier of CP for wh-phrases Terms and concepts • Force • Wh-movement • Inversion

  18. Lecture 5: Complementisers and Interrogatives

  19. Lecture 5: Complementisers and Interrogatives

  20. Lecture 6: the syntax of non-finite clauses (part 1) Main points • All clauses have subjects (you can’t see them all • There are two kinds of empty subject • The position created by a movement • An unpronounced pronoun subject (=PRO) Concepts and terms • Pleonastic subject • Raising • Control

  21. Lecture 6: the syntax of non-finite clauses (part 1)

  22. Lecture 6: the syntax of non-finite clauses (part 1)

  23. Lecture 7: the syntax of non-finite clauses (part 2) Main points • Exceptional clauses • Case Theory Concepts and terms • The Case Filter (all DPs must get case) • Case assignment • Exceptional verbs have IP, not CP complements. • Case motivated movements

  24. Lecture 7: the syntax of non-finite clauses (part 2)

  25. Lecture 7: the syntax of non-finite clauses (part 2)

  26. Lecture 8: Modifiers Main points • Modifiers • Extension of X-bar Theory to include Adjuncts Concepts and terms • Optional • Recursive • a rule applies to its own output • Peripheral • No crossing branches

  27. Lecture 8: Modifiers

  28. Lecture 8: Modifiers

  29. Lecture 9: Wh-clauses Main point • Wh-movement happens in all information interrogatives • Inversion (I to C movement) happens in all main clause information interrogatives Concepts and Terms • Information/echo questions • Do as a dummy auxiliary • Specifier-head agreement • Main verb cannot move in front of subject

  30. Lecture 9: Wh-clauses

  31. Lecture 9: Wh-clauses

  32. Lecture 10: Relative Clauses Main point: • The syntax of relative clauses Concepts and Terms • Restrictive/non-restrictive relative clauses • Wh-relative; that relative; zero relative • Syntactically identical to interrogative clauses • Wh-movement • Phonologically null relative pronoun • That is not a relative pronoun

  33. Lecture 10: Relative Clauses

  34. Lecture 10: Relative Clauses

  35. Lecture 11: Auxiliary Verbs Main Point • The nature and syntax of aspect Concepts and terms • Continuous & perfect aspect • Universal/experiential perfect • Aspectual morphemes (-ing, -en/-ed) • Syntax • Morphemes as heads (V) • Auxiliaries as dummies inserted to bear bound morphemes • Verbs bear only one overt morpheme

  36. Lecture 11: Auxiliary Verbs

  37. Lecture 11: Auxiliary Verbs

  38. Lecture 12: Extended VP Main point: • Most verbs split into two parts • An upper (usually unpronounced) part • A lower part (expressing the descriptive content) Concepts and terms • Periphrastic causative (… make … V …) • Causative alternation (X melts Y  Y melts) • Abstract causative morpheme = ‘make’ • Abstract agentive morpheme = ‘do’ • 2 types of intransitive • Unaccusative (no extra VP) - arrive • Unergative - smile • Cognate object

  39. Lecture 12: Extended VP

  40. Lecture 12: Extended VP

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