AP World History

1. AP World History 1900s Spanish-American War to WWI

2. America Claims an Empire Global competition prompts the United States to expand its influence and territory, engage in conflicts around the globe, and build the Panama Canal. Beginning 1867 and continuing through the century, global competition causes the United States to expand. •Imperialism—policy of extending control over weaker nations

3. The United States Takes Hawaii • 1887, U.S. pressures Hawaii to allow naval base at Pearl Harbor - becomes refueling station • Under President McKinley, Congress proclaims Hawaii U.S. territory • Desire for Military Strength • •U.S. builds up navy to compete: builds modern battleships, becomes 3rd largest naval power

4. The Spanish-American War In 1898, the United States goes to war to help Cuba win its independence from Spain. Cubans Rebel Against Spain • American Interest in Cuba • U.S. wants to buy Cuba from Spain • Spain Takes Action • 1896, Spain sends General Weyler to Cuba to restore order -- puts about 300,000 Cubans in concentration camps Headline Wars • Newspapers exploit Weyler’s actions • Yellow journalism—sensational writing used to lure, enrage readers

5. War with Spain Erupts The U.S.S.Maine Explodes • U.S.S.Maine sent to pick up U.S. citizens, protect U.S. property • Ship blows up in Havana harbor; newspapers blame Spain • Treaty of Paris • Spain, U.S. sign armistice August 1898 • Spain frees Cuba; hands Guam, Puerto Rico to U.S.; sells Philippines • “Splendid Little War” The U.S. Declares War April 1898 • Rough Riders --Theodore Roosevelt’s cavalry • San Juan Hill -- Spanish fleet tries to escape blockade, destroyed. • U.S. troops invade Puerto Rico soon after

6. Acquiring New Lands In the early 1900s, the United States engages in conflicts in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines. Ruling Puerto Rico • Puerto Rico under military control • People split on independence, statehood, self-government under U.S. • Return to Civil Government • Puerto Rico strategic as post in Caribbean, for protection of future canal- 1917, Puerto Ricans made U.S. citizens

8. America as a World Power The Russo-Japanese War, the Panama Canal, and the Mexican Revolution add to America’s military and economic power. • Panama Canal • U.S. wants canal to cut travel time of commercial, military ships • U.S. buys French company’s route through Panama • Negotiates with Colombia to build Panama Canal; talks break down • French company agent helps organize Panamanian rebellion - U.S. gives military aid • U.S., Panama sign treaty; U.S. pays $10 million for Canal Zone – 100 year lease Construction of canal is one of world’s greatest engineering feats - fight diseases, geographic obstacles - at height, 43,400 workers employed

13. World War I

14. When Should a Nation Go To War? • Check whether you agree or disagree that this is a valid reason to go to war. Be prepared to discuss. • 1. Our nation is attacked by a foreign military. Y/N • 2. A nation with whom we have a mutual defense alliance is attacked. Y/N • 3. Our President is assassinated by a terrorist from an unfriendly country. Y/N • 4. Our President tells us that a country is planning an imminent attack on us. Y/N • 5. A country has just had a fundamentalist revolution and is sending fighters into neighboring oil-exporting nations in the region. Y/N • 6. An unfriendly nation has just successfully tested a nuclear weapon in violation of a signed UN agreement. Y/N • 7. A US naval vessel is sunk in a foreign harbor by agents from that country. Y/N

16. Causes of World War I: • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: • 1. Watch the video about the murder of the heir to the Austria-Hungarian empires. • 2. Read the handout “The Murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand” • Write: complete the prompts, cartoon and headline, on the back of the handout for the next binder check.

17. World War I Begins Causes of World War I Nationalism—devotion to interests, culture of one’s nation • Nationalism leads to competition, antagonism between nations • Many fear Germany’s growing power in Europe •Various ethnic groups resent domination, want independence •Russia sees itself as protector of Slavic peoples

18. •Militarism—development of armed forces, their use in diplomacy Cost of building, defending empires leads to more military spending • Germany has strongest army on European continent - competes with Britain for sea power-- other powers join naval arms race • Alliance System • Allies or Triple Entent: France, Britain, Russia • Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire • Alliances give security

19. An Assassination Leads to War Alliances Complicate Conflict • Balkan Peninsula known as “the powder keg of Europe” because: - ethnic rivalries among Balkan peoples - leading powers have economic, political interests • Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria shot by Serbian nationalist (Black Hand) • Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, expects short war • Alliance system pulls one nation after another into war

20. Early Battles • Germany’s Schlieffen Plan: hold Russia, defeat France, then Russia • German troops sweep through Belgium, cause major refugee crisis • By spring 1915, 2 parallel lines of trenches cross France (600 miles) • “No man’s land”—barren expanse of mud between opposing trenches • Scale of killing horrific, fighting inconclusive • Armies fight to gain only yards of ground in bloody trench warfare

23. The British Blockade •mines in North Sea, stops war supplies reaching Germany Germany can’t import food = 1917 famine German U-Boat Response • Germany sets up U-boat counter-blockade. Kaiser announces U-boats will sink all ships in British waters • Lusitania sinks: 128 Americans dead. •President Wilson protests, Germany continues to sink ships

25. German Provocation •Zimmerman note — proposes alliance of Germany, Mexico against U.S. • 4 unarmed American ships sunk 1917- U.S. Declares War • Selective Service Act: men register, randomly chosen for service Convoy system—destroyers escort merchant ships across Atlantic; helps lay mines

26. New Problems of War • New weapons and tactics lead to horrific injuries, hazards • Troops in filth, pests, polluted water, poison gas, dead bodies • Constant bombardment, battle fatigue produce “shell shock” • Physical problems include dysentery, trench foot, trench mouth Allies Stop German Advance • Russia pulls out of war 1917; Germans shift armies to western front - come within 50 miles of Paris • Americans help stop German advance, turn tide against Central Powers

33. The Final Toll • World War I bloodiest war in history to date • - more than half of 22 million dead are civilians • - 20 million more are wounded • 10 million people become refugees • The Collapse of Germany • November 3, 1918, Austria-Hungary surrenders to Allies • Germans exhausted; armistice, or truce, signed November 11, 1918 to take effect at 11:00 a.m. (Veteran’s Day)

34. Wilson Fights for Peace • Wilson’s plan for world peace known as Fourteen Points • 1–5 propose measures to prevent another war • 6–13 address how ethnic groups can form own nations or join others • 14 calls for international organization or League of Nations: enable nations to discuss, settle problems without war • The Allies Reject Wilson’s Plan • France wants to prevent German invasion • Britain wants to “Make Germany Pay” • Italy wants Austrian-held territory • Not invited: Central Powers, Russia, small Allied nations • Wilson gives up most of his points in return for League of Nations

35. Provisions of the Treaty • Treaty of Versailles creates 9 new nations, British, French mandates • Places various conditions on Germany: cannot have an army - Alsace-Lorraine returned to France- pay reparations, or war damages The Treaty’s Weaknesses • War-guilt clause: Germany must accept responsibility for war • Germany cannot pay $33 billion in reparations Russia loses more land than Germany • Consequences of the War • U.S.: war strengthens military, increases power of government • Accelerates social change for African Americans, women • In Europe, destruction, loss of life damage social, political systems- Communist, fascist governments form

37. Industrial Revolution, Socialism & Marxism

38. Socialism: belief that society should exist in which popular collectives control the means of power, and therefore the means of production. Purpose is to build a classless society. The concept and term Socialist may refer to a group of ideologies, an economic system, or a state that exists or has existed.

39. In Marxist theory, it also refers to the society that would take over capitalism, and would later develop further into communism, as the necessity for the socialist structure would end. Marxism and communism are both branches of socialism.

40. Communism: theoretical system of social organization and political movement based on common ownership of the means of production. Communism seeks to establish a classless society. Modern communism is associated with Karl Marx and Friedric Engels. Lenin – on display since he died in 1924

41. Pure Communism has never been done, it remains theory: Communism is, in Marxist theory, the end-state, or the result of state-socialism. The word is now mainly understood to refer to the political, economic, and social theory of Marxist thinkers, or life under conditions of Communist party rule.

42. Russian Revolution

43. Russian Royal Family with Anastasia

45. Rasputin was an advisor to the royal family, trying to save the life of the Prince. He was called the Mad Monk, and was despised by the Russians. People loyal to the Czar decided to kill Rasputin (They invited him to tea, poisoned him, didn’t work – stabbed, shot – still alive. So they tied him up, beat him, and tossed him into a river, hoping to drown him. Rumor has it that someone saw his beaten body climbing out of the river – no one could prove it. Makes him the perfect bad guy.

46. Story of Anastasia: Russian Revolution – royal family taken into the woods, into a cellar. Entire family killed by machine guns. Dumped into mass grave – found in 1992 – no Anastasia. Rumors that Anastasia survived began back in 1918. Several people claimed to be her, most convincing was Anna Anderson – DNA testing late 1990s inconclusive, maybe not her, but enough weird things that some still believe.